概要写作 1 说明文.doc

Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date概要写作 1 说明文概要写作 1 说明文概要写作（Summary Writing）一、概要写作的定义（Definition of Summary）  A summary is a brief statement of the main point of a longer composition, which reproduces the theme of the original with no more than 60 words.  二、写作指导概要写作，是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题，主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A认真阅读给定的原文材料，如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍；阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B划出那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子；决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了；对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 C简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括概要写作重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 概要写作应尽量用自己的话完成，不要直接引用原文的句子； B. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序，这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实； C.要全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意； D. 写概要写作时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节，只保留主要观点； 2) 选择一至两个例子：原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子； 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子：如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复：在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明，但是这在概要写作中是不能使用的；应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长句：如下列两例： Ø “His courage in battle might without exaggeration“He was very brave in battle.” be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：_ Ø “He was hard up for moneyHe was in financial difficulties. and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：_ 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句：请看下面的例子： Ø “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few peopleBeautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services. in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为： _7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： Ø “She brought home several Chinese and EnglishShe brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation. novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为： _8） 使用最短的连接词: 比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。 9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在概要写作中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如： Ø Kate looked at Paul disapprovinglyKate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.: “You use too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises（掩饰） the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle（微妙的） than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为： _第三步：修改成文 草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。² 首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，概要写作中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。² 其次，如果出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们，保持语言简单明了。² 最后，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，。 经过上述步骤和方法，一篇概要写作就可以完成了。三、说明文概要写作要点点拨说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：1. 现象分析类：u 介绍某现象及其成因、结果，即“现象+成因+结果”Ø The article points out the common phenomenon(主题)，which(补充解释) Ø （in the passage）the writer introduces to us, especially its., from which we know2. 利弊对比类：u 描写某事物的性质功能，即“对象+性质功能+利弊”Ø （in the passage）the writer introduces to us, especially its, from which we knowØ The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A while B Ø The passage shows that A and B are similar in that . However, A while B .Ø The passage discusses the impact of sth.Ø On the positive side, , but it may also3. 研究报告类：u 针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施, 即“问题+解决方法”Ø As is reported in the study, .Ø The passage tells us. So the author tells us how to . , including Ø The study reveals/shows/indicates/suggests thatØ The purpose of the report is to show that在写作前，我们要通读短文，确定其内容是属于那种类型，然后选择确当的模板。注意：不要关注一些次要的细节却遗漏重要的要点，尽量少使用原文语句，多用自己的概括性的语言；不要超出60个单词。u 课堂训练：Directions: Please read the following passage and write a summaryThe article points out the problem of packaging. About one third of rubbish results from the packaging materials, which cause damage to the environment during their production and after ending in landfills. Though the programs carried out to combat the problem are temporarily successful, the problem remains a great concern. (50 words) of it in no more than 60 words.A large source of rubbish is packaging material, which often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. To understand why this is true, think of the packaging commonly used for a simple product, such as toothpaste. The packaging includes not only the tube for the toothpaste, but also the box for the tube. This box is put into a plastic wrapper. Then, the boxes are transported in a cardboard container.Most packaging material ends up in a landfill after it is thrown away. Though necessary, landfills take up valuable space, often stink（发出恶臭）, and can leak harmful substances into the soil. Landfills not included, the production of packaging material itself is a major source of air and water pollution.People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. In 1991, Germany took the lead by requiring companies to recycle the packaging used for their goods. To do this, the companies set up recycling bins in every neighborhood. Consumers now separate their rubbish into three categoriesmetal, plastic and paper cartons. They then put it into the appropriate bin. The rubbish sorted, it is transported to a recycling company for processing.The programme worked well at first. However, the amount of rubbish has begun to increase again. One reason for this is that many consumers no longer reduce waste because they think the problem is solved. It seems that to properly deal with the problem of rubbish, everyone must remain alert and do their part. (255 words)材料分析：根据文本内容，这是一篇讲包装材料所带来的问题/恶劣影响/恶果 _ 的说明文；在写作之前，我们必须首先弄清每一段落的主要内容是什么。第一段A large source of rubbish is packaging material, which often makes up more than 30 percent of the total.的中心句是_，同时也点明了文章的主题，后面就在以牙膏_为例。第二段主要包括两方面内容，一是垃圾进入填埋场后所造成的污染_；二是这些包装材料在生产过程中会产生对空气和水的污染_。第三段人们正在采取措施解决包装材料所带来的问题主要在讲_，其中_是段落的中心“People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials.”句，后面就列举在德国政府、公司和消费者（个人）所采取的不同措施了_。第四段开头的however至关重要，说明德国的方法尽管起到了一定的作用，但包装材料的污染仍然是一个大问题，我们绝不能放松警惕。_弄清了每段的主要内容后，我们就按照概要写作的几个原则对其进行连接，在连接段落时需要添加必要的连接词使其通顺连贯即可：四小试牛刀Read the following paragraphs and use one sentence or phrase to write the summary of each paragraph.1. An Iowa high school counselor gets a call from a parent protesting the “C” her child received on an assignment. “The parent argued every point in the essay,” recalls the counselor, who soon realized why the mother was so disappointed about the grade. “It became apparent that shed written it.” .2. In a survey, 90% of new teachers agreed that involving parents in their children education is a priority at their school but only 25% described their experience working with parents as “very satisfying”. When asked to choose the biggest challenge they face, 31% of them quoted involving parents and communicating with them as their top choice. 73% of new teachers said too many parents treat schools and teachers as enemies. .3. At a time when competition is rising and resources are limited, when battles over testing force schools to adjust their priorities, when cell phone and e-mail speed up the information flow and all kinds of private ghosts and public quarrels slip into the parent-teacher conference, its harder for both sides to step back and breathe deeply and look at the goals they share. .4. Everyone says the parent-teacher conference should be pleasant, civilized, a kind of dialogue where parents and teachers build partnership. But what most teachers feel, and certainly what all parents feel, is anxiety and panic. .5. When a teacher asks parents to be partners, he or she doesnt necessarily mean Mom or Dad should be camping in the classroom. Research shows that though students benefit modestly from having parents involved at school, what happens at home matters much more. According to research based on the National Education Longitudinal Study, a sample of nearly 25, 000 eighth graders, among four main areas of parental involvement (home discussion, home supervision, school communication, and school participation), home discussion was the most strongly related to academic achievement. .二、概要写作的要点 （Essentials of Summary Writing）1. Grasp main points and avoid covering every detail: To include all the main and supporting points delivered; To omit（省略） unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information;2. Stick to the original and avoid adding personal opinions:The summary should reflect the content of the original passage only. Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic;3. Use your own words and avoid copying the originals:To give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does in your own words in a condensed（简洁的） manner. 三、Tips on summary writing  ² While reading：  · Is the passage an exposition（说明文）, a narration（记述文）or  an argumentation（议论文）?  · Are there any topic sentences or key words? If so, underline（划线）  them and paraphrase（改述） them. ² While writing  1. Structure：1) Topic sentences 2) Main supporting points/evidence 3) About 60 words 2. Language：1) To use your own words2) To be concise（简洁明了）- leave out the details- reduce the examples - simplify the descriptions- eliminate all repetitions3) To present the information fairly, do not give your own comments 4) To use the third person to retell 5) Tenses (narration often in the past tense) -