unit8(2).ppt

2 CONTENTS1. French Leave and Dutch Courage 2. Ethnocentrism and Ethno-relativism 3. Group work P278 34Old English (450-1100 AD)Middle English (1100-1500)Modern English: early modern English 1500-1800; late modern English 1800-present)5French Leave and Dutch CourageMost countries and peoples in the British Isles, continental Europe and beyond have left a permanent imprint on the English language to describe flora (植物植物群）群）, fauna（动物群）（动物群）, products or customs associated with particular nations. 6Some examplesBelgian hare 比利时家兔比利时家兔Danish pastry 丹麦甜糕饼丹麦甜糕饼 Dutch barn74. Flemish bond 法式砌法法式砌法 5. French letter 避孕套避孕套 6. German measles 风疹（又称德国麻疹）风疹（又称德国麻疹） 7. Greek gifts 来者不善来者不善 8. Italic handwriting 斜体字（或字母、数码等）斜体字（或字母、数码等） 9. Portuguese man-of-war 水母水母10. Russian roulette 俄式轮盘俄式轮盘 811. Irish stew 爱尔兰炖肉；土豆洋葱煮肉爱尔兰炖肉；土豆洋葱煮肉 12. Scotch pine 苏格兰松树苏格兰松树 13. Swedish drill (治疗性的治疗性的)瑞典式肌肉体操瑞典式肌肉体操 14. Swiss roll （内卷果酱或奶油的）蛋糕（内卷果酱或奶油的）蛋糕15. Turkish delight 土耳其软糖土耳其软糖16. Welsh rarebit 涂着干酪泥的烤面包片涂着干酪泥的烤面包片 9 Greeking is cheating at cardse.g. “this is Greek to me” means gibberish dibri 乱语；快速而不清楚的言语乱语；快速而不清楚的言语2. “His Irish (or his Dutch) is up” means “hes angry, hes in temper”3. “Im a Dutchman” means “Im not myself”Therefore, in American English “in Dutch” is in disfavor, in trouble. When Americans say “weve been Dutched” they mean “weve been had, weve been cheated”.10The easy-going Dutch have contributed the greatest number of the most pejorative (轻蔑的）terms. Many terms reflect this derision (嘲笑) and contempt. e.g. (1) drunk as a Dutchman (totally intoxicated) (2) Dutch courage (courage induced by drinking-large quantity) (3) a Dutch or wet bargain (the partner drinking together) (4) in architecture a Dutchman is a device for hiding or counter-acting structural defects (污点）. (5) a Dutch nightingale (夜莺）is a frog. (6) in a Dutch concert each performer plays a different tone. (7) in Dutch auction, property is offered at a high price, which is gradually lowered until someone buys it. (8) a Dutch uncle will lecture you with kindly severity. (9) beat the Dutch is to do sth. remarkable (10) go Dutch, when you pay your own way, you share expenses, as in a Dutch treat. Dutch derogatory contribution to English language 11Few “French” words are as negative. Despite the fact that the French have been our allies for the past century. (hundred years war)e.g. French kiss French pox 法国花柳病法国花柳病 French cuisine kwizi:n 法国大餐法国大餐 French bean 菜豆，四季豆菜豆，四季豆 French dressing 法式生菜调味酱，法式凉菜调味汁法式生菜调味酱，法式凉菜调味汁 French fries 薯条薯条 French bread (loaf)法式长条面包法式长条面包 French toast 法式土司法式土司 French windows 落地窗落地窗 French leave n. 不辞而别，悄悄离去；擅离职守不辞而别，悄悄离去；擅离职守 12Spanish elm (trees)Spanish broom (plant)Spanish mackerel (fish)Spanish onion (vegetables) walk Spanish: be forced to walk with someone holding your collar and the seat of your trousers 被迫以足尖走路；小心翼翼地走；被解雇Spanish 13Italian The chief legacy of the Italians is italic, the printing typeItalian cloth 意大利棉毛呢 Italian sixth 意大利六和弦 Italian warehouse 意大利杂货店14German Fought the Germans in two wars, little prejudice against them is reflected in the language. We acknowledge German contribution to industry, printing, and musicYet none of these terms is in everyday common use. Why German measles? Perhaps because of intermarriage between the royal families. 15Swiss contribute Swiss cheese, Swiss lace (瑞士机绣窗纱 ), Swiss milk, Swiss roll, Swiss guards, Swiss swords (瑞士刀）Swiss16Danish Successful marketing lies behind Danish pastry (a “Danish” in the USA), Danish blue, the Danish cheese, Danish modern (现代罗马体）现代罗马体）and Danish design. 17A homely collection of animals (English foxhounds英国猎狐犬英国猎狐犬 , English setters英国赛英国赛特犬特犬 , English shepherds英国牧羊犬英国牧羊犬 , English spaniels英国史宾格犬英国史宾格犬 ), birds (English sparrow家麻雀家麻雀 ), equestrian terms (English saddle英英式式(皮座皮座)马鞍马鞍 ), flowers (English dais英国雏菊英国雏菊,雏菊雏菊 ), food (English muffin英式松饼英式松饼 ), trees (English walnut, English yew), literary terms (English or Shakespearean sonnet英国十四行英国十四行诗诗 ), musical instrument (English horn), English breakfast English 18Ethnocentrism: is derived from two Greek wordsethnos, or “nation”, and “centre”. It is the technical name for the view of things in which ones own group is the centre of everything, and all others are scales and rated with reference to it. Ethnocentrism occurs when our nation is seen as the centre of the world and the beliefs, values, norms and practice of our own culture are taken as superior to those of others. Ethnocentrism and Ethno-relativism 19Ethnocentrism refers to our tendency to identify with our in-group (ethnical or racial group, culture) and to evaluate outgroups and their members according to its standard. Because of ethnocentrism, we tend to view our own cultural values and ways of doing things as more real, or as the “right” and natural values and ways of doing things. People born and raised in the US are taught many subtle cues suggesting the US is the center of the world. e.g. the major league baseball championship series played between the winners of the two leagues. Is it called the US Series? No, but the World SeriesWe must remember that citizens of the other countries from North, Central, and South America are also “Americans”.20The early Greek used the term “barbarians” to refer to those people living around them who did not speak Greek. The ancient Persian (波斯人）波斯人）and Egyptians were considered by the Greeks to be inferior. The Japanese word gaijin means “foreigner, a person who is not Japanese” with condescending （优越感）（优越感）overtone. The Chinese, who called their country the Middle Kingdom, were convinced that China was the center of the world.The British dew the Prime Meridian of longitude (本初子午本初子午线）线）to run through Greenwich, near London. Europeans drew maps of the world with Europe at the center, and north Americans with the New World at the center.21The language of oppressione.g. the words “chicks” and “babes” labeled women as inferior. Nazis labeled Jews “bacilli”（病菌）, “parasites”（寄生虫）, “disease”, “demon”（恶魔）, and “plague” （瘟疫）.22However, there has always been effort to overcome ethnocentrism. For example, 1784, Benjamin Franklin wrote about the American Indians in his pamphlet “remarks concerning the savage(野蛮人，未开化的人） of North America”Ethnorelativism: the cultures can only be understood relative to one another; there is no absolute standard of rightness or goodness that can be applied to cultural behavior; cultural difference is neither good nor bad, just different. 23. Ethnorelativism involves the view that all cultures are of equal value and the values and behavior of a culture can only be judged using that culture as frame of reference. The only way we can understand the behavior of others is in the context of their culture. evaluations must be relative to the cultural background out of which the arise. No one cultural trait is “right” or “wrong”, it is merely different from alternative cultural traits. We should think twice before applying the norms of our culture to other cultures. Summary 24Cultural Stereotypes about Americans Physical appearance and dress25Key words for Americans:Tall; blue eyes and blond hairHandsome, masculine Women unusually fat or thinLots of make-upSummer clothes in the winterJeans, cowboy boots, and hatTextbook: P279