William-Shakespeare(免费).ppt

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) la great humanist, la great poet, la dramatic genius, the greatest playwright of all time. la master of languagel37 plays, two narrative poems and 154 sonnets.lSHAKESPEARES HOUSEHIS LIFElborn on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-upon-AvonlIn 1582, married at age 18, then had 3 children.lIn 1586, left for London to make a fortunelBy 1584 he emerged as a rising playwright in London, and became soon a central figure in Londons leading theater, acted and wrote for the Lord Chamberlains Men, later renamed as the Kings Men.lFrom 1591 to 1611, the prime of his dramatic career.lIn 1599 a new theater, called The Globe, was built. lIn 1603, Hamlet was first printed.lShakespeare died on April 23, 1616. The Globe Theater 1599The New Globe Theater 1999Four Periods of His Dramatic Careera. Period of Early Experimentation (?-1594)b. Period of Rapid Growth and Development (1595-1600)c. Period of Gloom and Depression (1601-1607)d. Period of Calm after Storm (1608-1612)1st period (up to 1594) : one of experimentation.lHis early plays, unlike his more mature work, are characterized to a degree by formal and rather obvious construction and by stylized verse. l5 history plays and 4 comedies.l1592-1598, he finished 154 sonnets.2nd period (1594-1600): style became highly individualized.lMost important plays concerned with English history. l5 histories: King John, Richard II, Henry IV,and Henry V . l6 Comedies: The Merchant of Vince, A Midsummer Nights Dream, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, The Merry Wives of Window . l2 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar3rd period (1601- 1607 ): the most profound of his works.lGreatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. lIn them he used his poetic idiom as an extremely supple dramatic instrument, capable of recording human thought and the many dimensions of given dramatic situations. lMajor Works: Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Othello, Alls Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure.4th period (1608-1613): principal romantic tragicomedies. lShakespeare created several plays that, through the use of magic, art, compassion, or grace, often suggest rescued hope for the human condition. lThese plays are written with a grave quality differing from Shakespeares earlier comedies, but they end happily with reunions. lMajor works: Cymbeline, Tempest, Winters Tale. They reflects a change in fashion in the drama of the period.BackHis Major Plays & Dramatic CareerThe First Period (1590-1594)Henry VI, Part II (1590)Henry VI, Part III (1590)Henry VI, Part I (1591)Richard III (1592)The Comedy of Errors (1592)Titus Andronicus (1593)The Taming of the Shrew(1593)The Two Gentlemen fromVerona (1594)Loves Labours Lost (1594)Romeo and Juliet (1595) The Second Period (1595-1600)Richard 11 (1595)A Mid-Summer Nights Dream(1595)King John (1596)The Merchant of Venice (1596)Henry IV, Part I (1597)Henry IV, Part 11 (1597)Much Ado about Nothing (1598)Henry V (1598)The Merry Wives of Windsor (1598)Julius Caesar (1599)As You Like It (1599)Twelfth Night (1600)The Third Period (1601-1607)Hamlet (1601)Troilus and Cressida (1602)Alls Well That Ends Well (1602)Measure for Measure (1604)Othello (1604)King Lear (1605)Macbeth (1605)Antony and Cleopatra (1606)Coriolamus (1607)Timon of Athens (1607)The Fourth Period (1608-1612) Pericles (1608)Cymbeline (1609)The Winters Tale (1610)The Tempest(1612)Henry VIII (1612)(unfinished)BackComedy History Tragedy Poetry (1)Alls Well That Ends Well (2)As You Like It(3)The Comedy of Errors (4)Cymbeline (5)Loves Labors Lost (6)Measure for Measure (7)The Merry Wives of Windsor (8)The Merchant of Venice (9)A Midsummer Nights Dream(10)Much Ado About Nothing(11)Pericles, Prince of Type(12)Taming of the Shrew (13)The Tempest (14)Troilus and Cressida (15)Twelfth Night (16)Two Gentlemen of Verona Winters TaleHenry IV, part 1 Henry IV, part 2 Henry V Henry VI, part 1 Henry VI, part 2 Henry VI, part 3 Henry VIII King John Richard II Richard IIIAntony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear MacbethOthello Romeo and JulietTimon of Athens Titus Andronicus 154 Sonnets A Lovers Complaint The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Funeral Elegy by W.S. Sonnets He writes his sonnets in the popular English form, three quatrains and a couplet, with occasional variation; Sonnets 1-126: are addressed to a beautiful young man on the theme of friendship and beauty. Sonnets 127-152 are addressed to a dark lady, daughter of an Italian singer in London, who was Shakespeares mistress. Sonnets 153-154 are a kind of epigram.the theme of historical playsShakespeares histories are political plays. The principal idea: national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.ComedylThe comic vision of the world is bright and celebratory.lDark elements give way to joy, love and understanding. lComedy ends happily.Characters of comedylTwo important elements of a happy ending are the idea of the lost being found and marriage.lMarriage is the happy conclusion of falling in love and the promise of birth and new life. It is a sign of love, harmony and hope.lMistaken identity, deception, and disguise are common ways of organizing the plots.Great ComedieslThe Merchant of Vince, lA Midsummer Nights Dream, lAs You Like It, lTwelfth NightBackThe Merchant of VenicelBassanio-fortune hunterlPortia-celebrated beautylAntonio-the merchantlShylock-the usurerlIt exposes the evils of the society: greed, malice, racial prejudice, money-worship, injustice and cruelty.Theme of The Merchant of VenicelThe traditional theme is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiatable greed and brutality of the Jew.lIt is regarded now as a satire of the Christians hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews.Shakespeares four great tragediesHamlet King LearKing Lear OthelloOthello MacbethMacbeth All of these plays express a profound dissatisfaction with life. They show the struggle and conflicts between good and evil of the time, between justice and injustice. In these plays, the writer condemns the dark and evil society.The theme of tragediesCommons and weakness between the characters in his tragediesThe four greatest tragedies have some common characteristics in common. Each portrays a noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.Each hero has his weakness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othellos inner weakness is taken advantage of by the outside evil force; the old King Lear, unwilling to totally give up his power, makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity, and Macbeths lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to crimes.SonnetlA sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.lSonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: a. the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet rhymed abba abba cdecde b. the Shakespearean or English sonnet rhymed abab cdcd efef gg.BackShakespearean SonnetlA Shakespearean, or English sonnet consists of 14 lines, each line contains ten syllables, and each line is written in iambic pentameter in which a pattern of a non-emphasized syllable followed by an emphasized syllable is repeated five times. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG in which the last two lines are a rhyming couplet.Sonnet 18William ShakespearelShall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date;Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmd;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or natures changing course untrimmd;But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst;Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growst:lSo long as men can breathe or eyes can see, lSo long lives this, and this gives life to thee. BackSonnet 18Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, in which he has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves. A nice summers day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Shakespeare has a faith in the permanence of poetrySonnet 18: idea analysislThe idea being to compare the poets beloved to a summers day.lUntil line 8, Shakespeare has compared his object of affection to a summers day, whereas in lines 9-14, the attention is shifted towards arguing that poetry is immortal. lThis way Shakespeares loved one is described as unchangeable as opposed to the summer which is depicted as changeable. Quatrain 1: abab我怎能把你比作夏天炎炎？我怎能把你比作夏天炎炎？你不独比它可爱也比它温婉：你不独比它可爱也比它温婉：狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，夏天出赁的期限又未免太过短暂：夏天出赁的期限又未免太过短暂：gentleQuatrain 2: cdcdSometime (sometimes) too hot the eye of heaven shines,苍天的眼睛有时照得太酷烈，苍天的眼睛有时照得太酷烈，And often is his gold complexion dimmed,它那炳耀的金颜又常遭遮掩；它那炳耀的金颜又常遭遮掩；And every fair from fair sometime declines,没有芳艳不最终凋谢没有芳艳不最终凋谢,By chance, or natures changing course untrimmed: 被机缘或无常的天道所摧残。被机缘或无常的天道所摧残。the sun natural color and appearance of the skin of the faceQuatrain 3: efefBut thy eternal summer shall not fade,但是你的长夏永远不会凋枯，但是你的长夏永远不会凋枯，Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst (you possess),也不会失去你美丽的形相，也不会失去你美丽的形相，Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade,死神也无法夸口你在他影里死神也无法夸口你在他影里踯躅踯躅，When in eternal lines to time thou growst,你将在不朽的诗中与时间同长。你将在不朽的诗中与时间同长。you grow to timeCouplet: ggSo long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,只要人类在呼吸，眼睛看得见，只要人类在呼吸，眼睛看得见，So long lives this (this poem), and this gives life to thee.我这诗就活着，使你的生命绵延。我这诗就活着，使你的生命绵延。How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?Merchant of Venice The story of “Merchant of Venice” is of Italian origin. There are four characters in it. Shylock-a money lender; Antonio-a Christian merchant; Bassanio-a young man who is the dear friend of Antonio; Portia -a beautiful girl who is the heroine.Give a brief analysis of Shylock, a character in Shakespeares play, The Merchant of VeniceShylock is a Jewish usurer, and he is a tragic-comic character in the play. He is comic because he finally becomes the one punished by his own evil deed. He is a typical merchant to be made fun of. He is avaricious. He accumulates as much wealth as he can and he even equates his lost daughter with his lost money. He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan. On the other hand, Shylock is also a tragic figure. He is the victim of the society. He is a Jew. As a minor nationality, he is not treated equally by the society. The law is harsh to him. He has to make as much money as he can in order to protect himself. He is abused by Antonio, and therefore, he wants to get revenge.Hamlet lHamlet is considered to be the summit of Shakespeares art.Main Characters in HamletHamlet- the hero of the playHoratio- Hamlets friendOphelia- Hamlets lover Claudius- Hamlets UncleGertrude- Hamlets MotherPolonius- Ophelias father, a garrulous old ChamberlainLaertes- Ophelias brother哈姆雷特提要l丹麦国王新死，在国外求学的王子Hamlet 回国奔丧，参加的却是母后与叔父Claudius的婚礼。模样似先王的鬼魂在夜间出现，告诉Hamlet是Claudius阴谋杀害了他。Hamlet立志为父复仇。他开始装疯，有意疏远恋人Ophelia；他请来戏班，按他所写的剧本演出王后与情夫合谋杀害国王的故事，以刺探Claudius的反应。后者有所警觉，便派人将Hamlet送往英国，并指使差人带信，让英王处决Hamlet。但阴谋败露， Hamlet回国，得知Ophelia因失恋神经失常溺水而亡。Ophelia的哥哥Laertes愤怒提出与Hamlet决斗，而Claudius则为两人安排了一场击剑比赛，设计让Laertes用沾了毒药的剑将Hamlet刺死。比赛中，Hamlet被毒剑刺中， Laertes也受了致命伤，王后误喝了Claudius为Hamlet准备的毒酒而身亡。 Laertes临死前说出真相，Hamlet杀死了Claudius后也最终死去。the title character, is the son of the late King of Denmark. He is a student at a school in Wittenburg. He is charged by the ghost of his father to avenge his murder, which he finally succeeds in doing, but only after the rest of the royal house has been wiped out and himself has been mortally wounded with a poisoned rapier by Laertes.The analysis of the main charactersClaudius: is the current King of Denmark, Hamlets uncle, who succeeded to the throne upon the death of his brother. The ghost of King Hamlet tells Princess Hamlet that he was murdered by brother while he was asleep. Claudius is killed with a poisoned rapier by Hamlet who, for good measure, also forces him to drink the wine with which he had intended to poison Hamlet.The analysis of the main charactersGertrude: is Hamlets mother, the widow of King Hamlet who became the wife of Claudius, a relationship considered incestuous in Shakespeares time. She dies by accidentally drinking poisoned wine intended for Hamlet.Polonius is Claudiuss chief councillor, who is distrustful of Hamlets relationship with Ophelia. He is a fatuous bore, and Hamlet frequently teases him while pretending to be mentally unbalanced. He is fatally stabbed by Hamlet while hidden behind an arras while trying to eavesdrop upon a conversation between Hamlet and his mother.Ophelia: is Poloniuss daughter. She and Hamlet have had romantic feeling for each other, although they have been warned that it would be politically inexpedient for them to marry. Jilted by Hamlet as part of his insanity ruse, her fathers death causes her to insane, and she drowns herself in a brook.生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？l“To be or not to be” is the key sentence in this soliloquy. l It is a dilemma of trying to determine the meaning of life and death. To die, to sleep; No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to, tis a consummation Devoutly to be wishd.死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。certain to receivea final settlement of everythingdeeply and sincerely It is a metaphor. Hamlet spoke of suicide as a escape. His speech has become proverbial as an outpouring of utter world- weariness. To die, to sleep; To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, theres the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause. 死了；睡着了；睡着了也许还会做梦；嗯，阻碍就在这儿：因为死了；睡着了；睡着了也许还会做梦；嗯，阻碍就在这儿：因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。perhapsthere is the difficultyconfused trouble of mortal lifeget rid ofTheres the respect That makes calamity of so long life; For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressors wrong, the proud mans contumely,The pangs of despised love, the laws delay, The insolence of office and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes,When he hims