电大变化中的英语复习重点总结参考资料参考答案【最新.doc

电大变化中的英语复习重点总结参考资料小抄1. 全世界语言 4000-5000种 (P7)2. Dead language no living speakers (P7)3. Historical variation variation over time Regional variation variation in different places (P15)4. RP Standard English Network English:Standard English Written EnglishRP Received Pronunciation ( Also Southern Educated British English)Network English Educated American English (P19)5. Vocabulary change in English (P23-24)6. 词汇来源：Borrowing(e.g dim sum), Abbreviations(e.g MTR), Translations(e.g dragon boat)(P28-29)7. 英国语言 English, Welsh(Wales地区) Gaelic （Scotland地区）( P36)8. Dialects Different ways of speaking the same languageAccent We are talking only about the sounds of the language in some places (P39)9. Language family:English Indo-European family(印欧语系)Chinese Sino-Tibetan family(汉藏语系) P6410. 英国历史上三次被入侵：1) BC 1st AD 5th Latin- speaking Romans 来自Mediterranean2)AD 5th - 8th and 9th Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚人(Angles盎格鲁人, Saxons撒克逊部族, Jutes朱特族人) invaded Britain 来自North West Europe3)AD 11th French-speaking Normans 来自Normandy(P69-70)11. Standard English: A: Come from South EastB: Reason . Its importance is matter of culture and history(P75 )12. 英语发展过程中历史事件及英语语言本身的发展变化：TimeHistorical EventsLanguage11th centuryNorman conquest of EnglandNorman French brought to England12th-13th centuriesNoranm French rulers in EnglandMorman French as the language of power: Latin for learning and religion; English for common peoples use14th centuryChanges in English educationGeoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400English gaining ground among educated people wrote English1475Caxton set up printing press in LondonLondon English incresingly read and understood13. A good English dictionary contains about 450,000 separate entries.(P86)14. Receptive(听读) You recognize a word and know what it means.Productive（说写）You can say a word or you can write it.NOTE: 每个人的Receptive knowledge of vocabulary要大于Productive knowledge (P89-90)15. Prescriptive teaching(说明性教学) correct students mistakesProductive teaching(输出性教学) Practice students English by speaking and writing.Descriptive teaching(描述性教学) Tell students how English has changed and come to be as it is now. P100 P10316. 语言种类：P109-118RegionalNationalInternationalGlobalBasqueNorwegianSpanishEnglishDanish丹麦语PortugueseEnglishSwedish瑞典语FrenchDutchDutchJapaneseGerman17. Basque(巴斯克语)，Hindi（印地语）P115-116 18. 美国历史（The New World: the continent of America:) 1584, 1585 Sir Walter Releighs two expeditions to the New World1620English Puritan Playmouth Mayflower1775 American war of Independence started1785 End of the War.USA set up1790 First census人口普查held. About 90%of the population of British descent后裔 P120-121 19. The USA The melting-pot In New York harbour You can see the Statue of Liberty P122-12320. 英国在世界的殖民地：EroupeAsiaAfricaNorth and South AmericaAustralasia澳大拉西亚United Kingdom& IrelandIndiaKenyaCanadaAustraliaMalaysiaRhodesia罗得西亚USANew ZealandBorneo波罗洲South AfricaNew Guinea新几内亚Hong Kong21. 印度英语发展历史：The East India Company Started in 17th century, by 1813, it came to an end. 19th century The English man named Macaulay was called the President of the Committee of Public Instruction， set up universities of English language P138-13922. 澳大利亚Australia 形成， Captain Cook lead the first exploration in 1770 astronomical observation 18th century: penal colony (罪犯流放地) (P140-141)23. Inner Circle, Outer Circle and Expanding Circle Braj Kachru, from the sub-continent of India developed the idea of classifying the international use of English.Inner Circle: native speakers-users mother tongue Britain, North America, Australia New Zealand, South AfricaOuter Circle: taught in schools, international and official businessIndian Hong KongExpanding Circle: not an official language , international use P14724. Esperanto世界语 具有全球扩广的语言特征，且适合全球使用的理想语言 What an ideal language for global use 理由 P158-159Artificial language The failed reason (p160-161)Simplify a natural language Noah Webster made English spelling easier for the childrenBasic English designed by C.K.Ogden in 1930, only 850 words P161-16225. Social Variation speakers use English differently with their social and educational level.Languages are equal, no primitive or underdeveloped language p16626. Dead languages Latin and Sanskrit(梵语) French, Spanish and Portuguese are descendants of Latin p17027. Pygmalion He is a craftsmen from Greek empire, made a sculptor named Galatea. And he loves her and she came lived. My Fair Lady Wrote by George Bernard Shaw, a famous Irish playwright. P182-18328. False beginners The students who have forgotten the early stages of learning a languageThe first stage of learning Learning the rules of the sound system, the grammar, the writing system, and the vocabulary. The second stage of learning Using English in a variety of ways. P187-18829. The rules of writing English p202 A. Always make sure your sentences are complete. B. Every sentence must hace a subject and a verb. C. Never put a preposition at the end of the sentence. D. Never use slang(俚语) or even informal words.30. The components of a Trade Deal p216 A. a commodity(商品). B. a currency C. a seller D. a buyer E. a market F. a means of communication. 31. Lingua Franca(交际语/通用语) used for trade deal p224-228 Pidgin(混杂语/洋泾浜语) It means a language,used for purpose of trade. Creoles(克利奥尔语) 是Pidgin进化后的语言 p228-237 Black English P230-233 Papua New Guinea Adopted Tok PisinCreole can become a national language. ,but a pidgin cant P23532. Present day international trade P243 33. Faxed English P249-250-25234. English in science P262 P265-26635. English in international transport P266-277 Risks in air travel P271 English in air traffic control A. The language of Internetational Air Traffic Control is English.B. It is used by all ground control staff and flight crew.C. It is used in all parts of the world.D. It is twentieth century English: It is Standard English.E. It is spoken English and speakers know what they say will be recordedF. It is the English of a special area of knowledge.G. It is formal, but not polite or indirect. H. It is brief, clear, and direct. P 275Sea-speak A special, restricted variety of English is now used internationally in ship-to-shore communication.Jargon行话 Its a special name for the selection that peole who have a common interest in machines and techniques use it. Slang俚语 For the language used by young people to keep out the old.36. English and TV P279 P28737. English and Information technology P289 English and IT P296 P29838. ELT English language teaching Native-speaker English language teacher 和Blingual teacher双语教师各自的优点和缺点 见 P302表格 Five important ELT terms: p307A. Pattern practice句型练习 Learning by constantly repeating correct English sentecnes.B. Language laboratory语言实验室 A classroom equipped with tape recorders and a control desk for the teacher.C. Communicative approach交际法 | 交际教学法 | 沟通式教学法 | 传意形式的教学法 A view of ELT that puts first understanding and being understood by another person.D. Error analysis Teaching in the belief that mistakes are necessary to learning and useful to teachers.E. English for Specific Purposes Courses designed to match the future work of and needs of groups of leaners, very often groups with different occupations.39. ESL English as a Second Language EFL English as a Foreign Language L1 English as a mother tongue见p314 表格40. New Standards P315-31641. Hong Kong English deviates from Standard English. P31842. Interlanguage语际语/中间语言/中介语/ 人工辅助语言 The languages of learners who have only partial control of a language. Intro-national and International use The difference between the use of English inside a country and between that country and the rest of the world. P32143. The advantages and disadvantages of Local standard and StandardEnglish:Advantages A. They are easier and quicker to learn(so more learners will succeed)B. There are useful where there are many languages in use in a country and no common language.C. Only a minority of people need a language for international use.Disadvantages A. Local standards change quickly and are not well regarded internationally.B. If they are use intenationally, they dont do justice to the user or his ideas. C. Local Standards are emerging and changing, so there may not be enough suitable teachers, or teaching materials. P322-32344. The views of Quirk and Kachru on Standard The Quirk viewThe Kachru view Other terms in useDeficit viewLiberation viewThe term standard should be appliedOnly to Standard British and Standard American EnglsihEqually to standards use in Singapore, India, Africa and other places where English is widely used.In schools and collegesOnly these two Standards should be studies.Local standards should be studiedDeviations from (British or American)Standard EnglishAre mistakes that are part of the learning process, and should be corrected.Are often clear signs of emerging new standards and need not be correctedTeachers of EnglishIf they are not mative speakers need to be in constant touch with native standards.Are usually not native speakers and cant be constantly in touch with any except local standards.Learners of EnglishStudy English for international use. They need to be constantly trying to get closer to native-like standards, so as to be able to use English that is internationally acceptable.All but a few want and need English for use in their own multi-lingual country. They cant be constantly in touch with native standards, and are much more likely to use English locally than internationally. 45. Mono-lingual and Multi-lingual Societies P34646. Opportunity cost All learning is associated with an opportunity cost. Language learning represents a big investment of time and effort by individuals and by the society of which they are part.47. Shrinking world P361-36248. Around the World in Eighty Days Jules Verne (P362)49. Tower of Babel巴别塔 | 通天塔 | 巴比塔 | 巴贝尔塔 P365-36650. Cultural Imperialism文化帝国主义 P38251. Proficient in English Information about English P394 Support and reinforce each other P4075