介词和介词短语(规则讲解)(出现的介词短语建议消化后记忆).doc

Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date介词和介词短语(规则讲解)(出现的介词短语建议消化后记忆)嘉兴英语教学网 介词的用法介词英语中称为“preposition”是由“前缀pre-（在前部）+position（位置）”构成的，所以又叫前置词。一般放在名词、代词或动名词的前面。介词是虚词，主要用来表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件之间的关系,如空间位置、时间先后、因果关系、方式方法等。介词与其宾语构成介词短语。可作介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词（或动名词短语）、名词性从句等。一、介词的分类分类特点例词简单介词即一个介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。合成介词由两个介词构成合成词into, onto, throughout, upon, within短语介词由短语构成according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。双重介词由两个介词搭配而成from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。分词介词由现在分词转化而来considering(就而论), including，regarding，concerning等。兼类介词由形容词直接转化而来like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。二、介词短语的功能介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。介词短语的功能例 句作定语They didnt find the solution to the problem.作状语We have breakfast at seven.（表时间）They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）What do you mean by doing such a thing?（表方法）Nothing in the world could live without air or water.（表条件）作表语When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.作宾语补足语I found the old building in a bad condition.三、常考介词（短语）的区别介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，使用频率相当高，其用法跟冠词一样复杂。考生需要掌握以下内容。1.表示相同或相似概念的介词（短语）的区别表示的概念介词（短语）区 别例 子时间inonatat在一个时间点上；in在一段的时间之内；on在具体日子。at 8 oclock, at noonin the 1990s, in Januaryon Monday, on a warm morningsincefromsince 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用；from指从时间的某一点开始。We have not seen each other since 1995.I hope to do morning exercises from today.in,afterin指在一段时间之后，也可以指一段时间之内=within；after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。Well be back in three days.After seven the rain began to fall.What shall we do after graduation?in the endat the end ofby the end ofin the end作“最后”、“终于”解，单独作句子成分，后不接介词of；at the end of 表示“在末梢”，“到尽头”，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用；by the end of 作“在结束时”，“到末为止”解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。In the end they reached a place of safety.At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.By the end of last month he had finished the novel.位置betweenamong一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。You are to sit between your father and me.He is always happy among his classmates.注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时，就用between。Agreements were made between the different countries.The little valley lies between high mountains.They dont know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.inontoin表示在某范围内；on指与什么毗邻；to指在某环境范围之外。Changchun is in the northeast of China.Mongolia is on the north of China.Japan is to the east of China.oninon只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。There is a book on the piece of paper. There is an interesting article in thenewspaper. He dug a hole in the wall.inintoin通常表示位置（静态）；into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。We walked in the park.We walked into the park.throughacrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in 有关；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。Water flows through the pipe.The old man walked across the street.in the corner on the corner at the cornerin the corner 表示在角落里，in指角的内面；on the corner表示“在角上”，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；at the corner指“在拐角处”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。The lamp stands in the corner of the room.I met with him at the street corner.He sat on the corner of the table.除了besidesexceptbutexcept forbesides指“除了还有，再加上”；except指“除了，减去什么”，不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似，表示“除了外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示“如无就，只是”表明理由细节。All went out besides me. All went out except me.I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.表示的概念构成例 子动作（表进行概念、表被动的关系）at+名词at dinner/table在吃饭 at work在工作 at war交战 at cards 在玩牌            at work 在办公 at play  在玩耍     at rest在休息        school在上学       at press正在排印at church在做礼拜beyond+名词beyond belief难以置信   beyond control不听管教。 beyond compare无可比拟 beyond description难以形容beyond expression无法表达 in+名词或in +名词+of+名词in the army在当兵 in need of需要 in action在运转in progress在进行 in operation在运行中 in use 开始使用 in sight看得见 in store贮藏着in course of construction正在兴建当中。 in (good) repair维修良好的in course of shipment. 定的货正在运输途中。 in charge of 负责                               in the charge of 由负责 in possession of 拥有                          in the possession of 被拥有on+名词on business办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave在休假on watch值班 on duty值勤/日。on guard在值勤 on strike在罢工on sale出售 on loan借贷on the move 在移动，搬迁，离开 on the march在行军on the air在广播 on fire在燃烧。on trial在试用 on show/display/ exhibition在展出under+名词under control在控制之中 under discussion在讨论underdevelopment在发展中 under observation在观察中under test在被测试 under construction在建设中under fire在炮火中        under examination在检查/调查中under consideration在考虑中 under repair在修理中under arrest被逮捕 under attack受到袭击under medical treatment在治疗中 under study在研究中其他against ones opinion反对某人的见解for ones opinion同意某人的见解at the mercy of在支配下；任由摆布for sale供出售 for rent供出租 within sight看得见2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别常见形容词搭配意义absent(be) absent from缺席(be) absent in不在这里而在afraid(be) afraid of担心(be) afraid for为而担心angry(be) angry with sb.对某人生气(be) angry at/about sth.因某事而生气anxious(be)anxious for sth急于想得到(be)anxious about sth./sb.对某事/某人担心different(be) different from与不同(be) different to不关心familiar(be) familiar with精通，熟悉(be) familiar to为熟知（悉）good(be) good at擅长于(be) good for对有益(be) good to对友好/态度好popular(be) popular with sb.受欢迎(be) popular for因而流行strict(be) strict with sb.对某人要求严格(be) strict in sth.对某事要求严格3.容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组类 型举 例差一冠词，大相径庭in front of（在前面)in the front of（在前部） in charge of（负责）in the charge of（由负责）out of question（毫无疑问）out of the question（不可能） at table（在吃饭；在吃饭时）at the table（在桌子旁边）有无介词，意义不同know sb.认识某人know about sb.了解某人 shoot sb.击中某人shoot at sb.向某人射击search sb.搜身search for sb.搜寻某人 believe sb.相信某人的话believe in sb.信任某人的人格benefit sb.使某人受益benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处画蛇添足，误加介词serve the people为人民服务（容易在serve后加for） enter the room进入房间（容易在enter后加into）follow me跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind） marry sb.与某人结婚（容易在marry后加with）go abroad出国（容易在go后面加to） live upstairs住在楼上（容易在live后面加 in）母语思维，误用介词be caught in the rain被雨淋着（不用by） leave for some place动身去某地（不用to）set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样（不用for） in the direction朝着方向（不用to）do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙（不用to） different from和不同（不用with）with the help of在的帮助下（不用under） steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西（不用of）read sth. to sb.给（为）读（念）（不用for）四、常见介词的活用（具体题型） Although my opinion, the old professor didnt come up with（提出） his own. A. against B. on C. for D. inSome people choose jobs for other reasons money these days. A. for B. except C. besides D. with【解析】答案为C。句意：如今一些人选择工作时，除了钱的原因还有其他原因。besides意为“除了（包含除去的）”；except意为“除了（不包含除去的）”。根据题意besides符合题意。Some students often listen to music classes to refresh themselves. A. between B. among C. over D. during【解析】答案为A。between用于两者之间，也可指多个事物中的两两之间的关系；among用于三者或三者以上。“课间”是指两节课之间，因此应用between。This is a junior school. You should go to a senior school girls of your age. A. for B. about C. from D. to【解析】答案为A。for在此表示“适于、适合”。句意：这是一所初级中学，你应该去一所适合你这个年龄段女孩子的高级中学读书。 the silence of the pauses, we could hear each others breathing and could almost hear our own heartbeats. A. In B. For C. Under D. Between【解析】答案为A。句意：在停顿的沉默中，我们能听到对方的呼吸，甚至能听到我们自己的心跳。In意为“在之中”。Sorry, Madam. Youd better come tomorrow because its the visiting hours. A. during B. at C. beyond D. before【解析】答案为C。beyond表示“（时间）晚于、迟于”。句意：对不起，女士，你最好明天来，因为参观的时间已经过了。This new model of car is so expensive that it is the reach of those with average incomes. A. over B. within C. beyond D. belowIt was a pity that the great writer died his works unfinished. A. for B. with C. from D. of【解析】答案为B。句意：那个著名作家的作品还未完成他就去世了，真是遗憾。with引导的是复合结构作伴随状语。What do you want _those old boxes? To put things in when I move to the new flat. A. by B. for C. of D. with【解析】答案为D。所提到的情景“To put things in when I move to the new flat. ”说明了箱子的用途。with的意思是“用”后接工具。如：cut with a knife用刀切。Luckily, the bullet（子弹） narrowly missed the captain _an inch. A. by B. at C. to D. from【解析】答案为A。介词by可以和表示数量的词构成短语，表示“尺寸、距离”等。句意：幸运的是，子弹在距离船长一英尺的地方与他擦肩而过，没有射中他。 -