公共行政学经典(第五版)-翻译和考试重点.doc

Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date公共行政学经典(第五版)-翻译和考试重点P258政策分析的一些主要特征 some main features of policy analysis , as compared with system analysis公共行政学经典 （第五版） Classics of Public Administration翻译和考试重点山东工商学院版P25 nothing but the spirit of that time expressed in abstract thought 任何时代的哲学都不过是用抽象的思维所表现的那个时代的精神。P30 The object of administrative study is to rescue executive methods from the confusion and costliness of empirical experiment and set them upon foundations laid deep in stable principle.行政管理研究的目的就是在于把行政方法从经验性实验的混乱和浪费中拯救出来。并使它们深深植根于稳定的原则上。P31 To be efficient it must discover the simplest arrangements by which responsibility can be unmistakably fixed upon officials; the best way of dividing authority without hampering it, and responsibility without obscuring it.为了获得办事效率必须找到一种最为简单的安排，通过这种安排可以使官员准确无误地承担责任，必须找到不给权力带来损害的最佳分权方式，找到不会导致责任模糊的最佳责任分担方式。P33 But as superintending the greater forces of formative policy alike in politics and administration, public criticism is altogether safe and beneficent, altogether indispensable.无论是在政治还是在行政方面，当对制定基本政策的更为较大的力量进行监督时，公众的批评则是完全安全而且有益的，是完全不可缺少的。P33 The ideal for us is a civil service cultured and self-sufficient enough to act with sense and vigor, and yet so intimately connected with the popular thought, by means of elections and constant public counsel, as to find arbitrariness or class spirit quite out of the question.我们的理想模式是通过某种方式建立一个有文化教养和自立精神的文官制度，它完全有理智地开展活动，同时与公众的思想保持着非常紧密的联系，这种方式就是选举和经常性公开协商，它可以彻底排出武断和降级态度。P37 The Century Dictionary speaks of it as: “The duty or duties of the administrator; specifically, the executive functions of government, consisting in the exercise of all the powers and duties of government, both general and local, which are neither legislative nor judicial.”行政人员的职责是责任，特别是政府的执行职能。它包括政府整体的和局部的所有的权力和职责的形式，它既不是立法的，也不是司法的。P39 背 Finally, popular government requires that it is the executing authority which shall be subordinated to the expressing authority, since the latter in the nature of things can be made much more representative of the people than can the executing authority.民治的政府要求执行机构必须服从表达机构，后者理所当然地功能表达人民。P52 官僚制的特征1. There is the principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas, which are generally ordered by rules, that is, by laws or administrative regulations. 2. The principles of office hierarchy and of levels of graded authority mean a firmly ordered system of super and subordination in which there is a supervision of the lower offices by the higher ones.3. The management of the modern office is based upon written documents, which are preserved in their original or draught form.4. Office management, at least all specialized office management and such management is distinctly modern, usually presupposes thorough and expert training.5. when the office is fully developed, official activity demands the full working capacity of the official, irrespective of the fact that his obligatory time in the bureau may be firmly delimited.6. The management of the office follows general rules, which are more or less stable, more or less exhaustive, and which can be learned.P102 The need for action in realizing democracy was as great in 1789 as it is today.Our forefathers had broken away from hereditary government and pinned their faith on democratic rule, but they had not found a way to equip the new democracy for action.The president is indeed the one and only national officer representative of the entire nation.今天我们在实现民主方面采取行动的需要和1789年一样大。我们的祖先已经抛弃了世袭的政府，把信心寄托在民主条例上，但是他们未有找到一种装点新的民主使之付诸行动的方式。总统实际上只是代表全国的官员。P223 PPB= Planning Programming Budget 结论：PPB是第一个为适应多种预算功能而设计的预算系统。预算的3个功能：1. strategic planning 2.management control 3.operational controlP225 Most important, perhaps, are the differential informational requirements of planning, control, and management processes. Informational needs differ in terms of time spans, levels of aggregation, linkages with organizational and operating units, and input-output foci. The apparent solution is to design a system that serves the multiple needs of budgeting.最重要的大概是计划管理、控制三种过程 对信息的要求是有查缺补漏的，由于时间跨度、总体水平、组织机构和经营单位之间的连接及投入产出中心点等所需的信息都是不同的，解决的办法就是设计一套适用于各种需要的预算系统。P225 背PPB is predicated on the primary of the planning function; yet it strives for a multipurpose budge system that gives adequate and necessary attention to the control and management areas.PPB 被断言（认为）处在计划职能的主要位置，然而，它强调多目标的预算系统，该系统给控制和管理区域足够的和必要的重视。P256 Going far beyond the domain of economic policy-making, the economic approach to decision-making views every decision as an allocation of resources between alternatives, that is， as an economic problem.用于决策的经济方法已远远超出经济政策制定的领域，它将每一个决策看作是的备选方案之间的一种资源分配，也就是看作一个经济问题。P258政策分析的一些主要特征 some main features of policy analysis, as compared with system analysis.1. Much attention would be paid to the political aspects of public decision-making and public policy-making.2. A broad conception of decision-making and policy-making would be involved.3. A main emphasis would be on creativity and search for new policy alternatives, with explicit attention to encouragement of innovative thinking.4. There would be extensive reliance on tacit understanding, Gestalt-images, qualitative models, and qualitative methods.5. There would be much more emphasis on “futuristic” thinking.6. The approach would be looser and less rigid, but nevertheless systematic.P291 该节主要考翻译 Representativeness 代议制 political neutral competence 政治中立权限 executive leadership 行政领导力On the contrary, different segments of the population feel differentially disadvantaged by the governmental machinery in operation at any given moment, and agitate for structural changes to improve their position-that is , to increase their influence in the system.各阶层人士都不同程度地意识到了政府机构在其运行过程中给他们带来的不利因素，并且鼓动改革政府机构，以便提高他们的地位。P293 The most sweeping expression of the unrest over lack of representativeness is the growing demand for extreme administrative decentralization, frequently coupled with insistence on local clientele domination of the decentralized organizations. 人们最大限度地表达他们对由于代表性不足所引起的不公正行为的不满，正在发展为一种对纯粹的行政分权的要求，并且这种要求通常伴随着那些主张由分权组织的地方委托人管理的活动。Community action be “developed, conducted, and administered with maximum feasible participation of residents of the areas and members of the groups served.”团体行为是一种发展的、有指导性的依靠各地区居民和为其服务的社团成员的最大限度地实际参与，进行管理的活动。P295 While decentralization is sometimes defended on grounds of efficiency， it is more frequently justified in terms of effective popular participation in governments.然而有时行政分权只是基于对行政效率的追求，但在更多情况下，行政分权被解释为大众对政府工作的有效参与。P322 怎样认识新公共行政？1. New Public Administration adds social equity to the classic objectives and rationale.2. Social equity includes activities designed to enhance the political power and economic well-being of these minorities.3. New Public Administration attempts to answer it in this way: Administrators are not neutral. They should be committed to both good management and social equity as values, things to be achieved, or rationales.4. New Public Administration seeks to change those policies and structures that systematically inhibit social equity.5. New Public Administration seeks to both influence and execute policies which more generally improve the quality of life for all. 1.5倍行距。社会公平包括旨在加强这些少数人的政治权力和令人满意的经济生成条件的各种活动。公共管理者不是中立的，他们需要承担责任，把出色的管理和社会公平作为社会准则、需要完成的事情或基本原理。对社会公平的支持不仅包括对变革的追求，而且要发现某些表明有能力，具有不断的灵活性，迫使变革残酷无情常规的组织形式和政治形式。新公共行政试图影响和贯彻更普遍地改进所有人生活质量的各种政策。P330 Conclusions The search for social equity provides Public Administration with a real normative base. Like many value premises, social equity has the ring of flag, country, mother, and apple pie.寻求社会公平给公共行政提供了真正的规范基础。-