《新编英语语法教程》 4-5讲ppt.ppt

新编英语语法教程 4-5讲ppt Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more. individuals above the crowd: a little bit more. -author -author -date-dateIntroduction The noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as its head. It is the noun head that determines the way the noun phrase is organized. 名词词组的结构名词词组的结构 （限定词）+（前置修饰语）+ 名词 +（后置修饰语） a most lovely little boy in red at play a most lovely little boy living next door a most lovely little boy whose mother is a doctorI. Classification of nouns and function of noun phrases 1. Classification on nouns (p. 39)类 别定 义例 词 按按 构构 词词 法法 简单名词 包含一个自由词素的名词 man, chair, land, ship 复合名词 由两个或两个以上自由词 armchair, farmland, 素合成的名词 seaside, roommate 派生名词 由动词、形容词、简单 arrangement, expectation, 名词+词缀构成的名词 ability, greatness 按按 词词 汇汇 意意 义义 普 通 名 词 个体名词 集体名词 物质名词 抽象名词表示同一类人或物，以及抽象概念的名词 boy, house, tiger family, team, cattle, police air, snow, bread, rice glory, honesty, education 专有名词表示人、国家、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称Ander, China, The Peoples Congress, the New York Times, the Democratic Party按语按语法特法特征征可数名词单数式复数式可以计数的个体名词和集体名词，称为可数名词 a car, a family two cars, many families 不可数名词物质名词、抽象名词、和专有名词通常是不可计数的名词 sand, water, coffee, failure, knowledge 个体名词 可数名词 普通名词 集体名词 物质名词 不可数名词 抽象名词 专有名词2. Function of noun phrases (p. 40) （1）主语 Children at play seldom remember what time it is. (2) 主语补足语 That was an attractive little black chair. My grandfather died a martyr to his revolutionary ideal. （3）宾语 They gave him a first-rate education. （4）宾语补足语 They elected him chairman of the board. (5)(5) 同位语 Mr Brown, director of the coal mine, should be responsible for the accident. （6）介词宾语/介词补足成分 Within the house nothing stirs. In the garden I can hear the singing of birds. I can hear the rustle of their wings. （7）状语或引导时间状语分句 He returned last night. A photo is taken each time ( = whenever ) this button is pushed. Do Ex. 4 A: 1, 2, 3 Key to Ex. 4 A1. description 2. arrangement 3. attendance 4. peculiarity 5. expectation 6. argument7. dependence 8. originality 9. exaggeration 10. measurement 11. purity 12. persistence 13. extension 14. statement 15. generosity 16. entrance 17. loneliness 18. forgetfulness 19. happiness 20. seriousnessII. Number forms of nouns 1. Regular and irregular plural a) Regular plural (p.p. 42-44) b) Irregular plural (p.p. 44-45) 2. Number forms of the collective, material, abstract and proper noun a) Number forms of the collective （1）不能计数的集体名词：若要计数，须使用在语义上与之对应的 个体名词。例如： p. 46 集体名词 个体名词 poetry poem machinery machine clothing garment, coat, etc . . . . （2）可以计数的集体名词：有单、复数形式和单复数意义；将其视为 一个整体时，用作单数；强调构成集体的成员时，用作复数。 例如： p. 46 中页 b) Number forms of the material 例如： （p. 46中页） 不可计数 可以复数形式出现 sand 沙 sands 大面积的沙滩 water 水 waters 大面积的水域 food 食物 foods 多种食品 coffee 咖啡 two coffees 两杯咖啡 rubber 橡胶 rubbers 胶鞋 stone 石头 stones 多块石头 egg 蛋渍 eggs 多个鸡蛋 lamb 羔羊肉 lambs 多只羔羊 onion 洋葱味 onions 多个洋葱头 c) Number forms of the abstract 单单 数数 式式 复复 数数 式式 大多数抽象名大多数抽象名词是不可数的词是不可数的 honestyknowledge无 少数是可数的少数是可数的 victory conferencedifficultyopinion victoriesconferencesdifficultiesopinions 还有一些的单还有一些的单复数式含义不复数式含义不同同 sympathy 同情（心），怜悯 p. 46 S3, 2, 1experience 经验relation u 关系 c 亲戚 youth u 青春，青年（时期） c 少年，小伙子 worry u 担心，忧愁，烦恼 c 令人担心、发愁的事sympathies 同情（心），怜悯；慰问 p. 46 S1, 2; p.47 S1experiences 经历 relations 亲戚youths 男青年，小伙子 worries 单单 数数 式式 复复 数数 式式 还有一些的单还有一些的单复数式含义不复数式含义不同同distraction u 心绪烦乱， 心不在焉 c 使人心绪烦乱的事, 令人分心的事business u 商业，交易， 生意，业务 c 商店，商行，公 司，商业机构kindness u 仁慈，善意，好意 c 善行 I study in the library as there are too many distractions at home. They dont know how to run a business. It would be doing him a kind- ness to tell him the truth.有些抽象名词有些抽象名词本身无复数式，本身无复数式，若要计数，就若要计数，就得使用语义上得使用语义上与之对应的个与之对应的个体名词体名词 (见p. 47 正中下方)laughter u 笑，笑声 He joined in the laughter. He looked shocked, then burst into laughter. laugh c 笑，笑声“What a mess!” she said, with a laugh. This scene gets one of the biggest laughs in the movie. d) Number forms of the proper noun (p. 47 para. 1) A. 专有名词一般没有复数形式，除非词本身带有复数词缀。例如： the United States, the Philippines, the Netherlands B. 专有名词以复数式出现时，普通名词化，表示某姓的一家人, 如 S1, p. 48 Have you invited the Browns? 或表示同姓或同名的若干人，如 S2 p. 48 There are two Miss Smiths/Misses Smith in the class. Do Ex. 4 B: 3, 5, 6, 2, 15, 20, 9, 11-10 p. 48Key to Ex. 4 B:1. strange sounds 2. foods are 3. chief, tribes, their, salmon (s)4. The runners-up were given pound notes / The runners-up were each given a pound note. 5. bodies, their heroes 6. mice, tooth-marks 7. Crises, occur, families 8. / 9. / 10. these businesses 11. / 12. fruits are 13. / 14. these articles are well written 15. / 16. several personal kindnesses 17. / 18. sufferings 19. professors 20. children are playing, sands Do Ex. 4C: 1-13, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 17，18，10, 19 （p.4849）Key to Ex. 4 C:1. experience 2. waters 3. for advice 4. an important piece of information 5. for it is fun6. were not numerous 7. Poultry 8. directors are 9. militia 10. geniuses 11. merchandise has 12. sympathies 13. experiences 14. were times, rivalry 15. clippings, were 16. lookers-on 17. foliage is 18. photos 19. 12-pages 20. Luggage is III. Partitives p. 49 “单位名词单位名词”表示事物个体性的词语，与单位词搭配表示“一群”、“一帮”等意思，它们与不可数名词组合起来，便可以“计数”了。 “单位名词单位名词” 可分为： 1) General partitives p. 49 2) Partitives related to the shape of things p. 49 3) Partitives related to volume p. 50 4) Partitives related to the state of action p. 50 5) Partitives denoting pairs, groups, flocks, etc p. 50 Do Ex. 4 D: 1, 3, 8, 9, 11, 16, 20, 24, 25 Key to Ex. 4 D:1. blade 2. piece 3. choir 4. flash 5. lump 6. gang 7. grain 8. head 9. staff 10. collection 11. fleet 12. cluster 13. bundle 14. bunch 15. team 16. piece 17. ear 18. bar 19. herd 20. pack 21. flock 22. crowd / swarm 23. troupe 24. bench 25. grove 26. collection 27. suite 28. squadron 29. band 30. library Do Ex. 4 E: 1 -5, 6, 10, 11-16, 15, 7 Key to Ex. 4 E:1-5: B C A D C 6-10: C B D A B 11-15: A D B B C 16-20: B D C A BLecture 5Genitive NounGenitive Noun p.p. 5359Introduction Case denotes the changes in the form of a noun or a pronoun showing its relationship with other words in a sentence. The genitive case/ possessive case shows the possessive relationship between the noun and its sequential noun.I. Formation, meanings and uses of genitive 1. Formation of genitive nouns p. 53 1）“名词 + s ” 格 Rules of formation are as follows: a) b) c) d) e) f) 2）“of + 名词” 格 2. Meanings of genitive nouns p. 54 a) b) c) d) e) f) 3. Uses of genitive nouns p. 54 1）“名词 + s ” 格: 用于有生命的名词和表示国家、城市、 星球、海洋、江河、季节等地理名称，以及表示时间、 距离、量度、数量等名词，置于被限定或被修饰的名 词前，作其定语。（参见a) ） 2）“of + 名词” 格：用于无生命的名词之后，作该名词的 后置定语。 （参见 b) ， p. 55） 注注 当有生命的名词带有较长的后置定语时，也需用 “of + 名词” 格。 例如：p. 55 WP4: the opinion of the chairman appointed a month ago WP 3: the suggestions of those present at the meeting 若名词词组由“定冠词 + 形容词”构成，或 of- 词组表示“同位 关系”，也须用“of + 名词” 格。例如： p. 55 WP 2: the income of the rich the struggle of the exploited WP 1: the city of Rome the town of Bremen Do Ex. 5A: 1, 2; 3, 4, 14; 7, 16Key to Ex. 5A:1. my father has a car 2. the bull has horns3. the prisoner escaped 4. her parents consented5. somebody released the prisoner6. somebody assassinated the President7. a letter from the general / the general sent a letter8. the crowd felt sympathy 9. a college for women10. a summer day, a day in the summer11. the earth has a (rough) surface12. the absence lasted ten days 13. a doctoral degree, a doctorate14. the bird made the nest 15. the committee made a report16. a story told by the girl / the girl told a story17. the volcano erupted18. the victim had courage / the victim was courageous19. somebody punished the boy 20. the critics received the play in a hostile manner Do Ex. 5B: 1, 2, 7, 10; 3, 5, 6, 8; 4Key to Ex. 5B:1. The comedian performed, and he was well received by a huge audience. 这位喜剧演员的演出很受广大观众的欢迎。2. She was thankful, for her little girl had quickly recovered. 她的小女孩很快康复，为此她非常感谢。3. How to educate children presents a big problem. 教育孩子成了大问题。4. He was happy that his wife loved him. 他陶醉于妻子对他的爱情。5. He did that because he loved his wife. 他干这个是出于对妻子的爱。6. The enemy was defeated, and the war was brought to an end. 战争以敌人的失败而告终。7. John was pleased because his teacher praised him. 约翰因受到老师的嘉勉而感到高兴。8. She was punished for stealing, and the punishment was a year in prison. 她因偷窃被判刑一年。9. As he had served unfailingly, the servant was remembered in his masters will as a reward. 由于仆人忠实可靠地服务，主人在遗嘱中提出遗赠作为报酬。10. Williams homework is the only example that is never bably done. 只有威廉的家庭作业一贯做得好。II. independent genitive and double genitive 1. Independent genitive p. 57 独立属格: 独立充当句子成分的名词属格叫做独立属格独立属格。 独立属格的使用场合： a) Ex. 5C 3, 4, 5 b) Ex. 5C 15, 16, 18, 19 c) Ex. 5C d) Ex. 5C 14 Do Ex. 5C: 3, 4, 5; 15, 16, 18, 19; 14Key to Ex. 5B:1. Dicks decision to emigrate to Australia.2. the expansion of the Physics Department / The Physics Departments expansion3. a novel of Jane Austens.That long report of Mr Allens 5. Those new shoes of yours6. the article of the student7. Shakespeares tragedies / the tragedies of Shakespearea ships carpenter. 9. The punishment of the offenders10. the past decades events / the events of the past decade11. the enemys unconditional surrender / the unconditional surrender of the enemy.12. other peoples criticism of him.13. the younger generations education / the education of the younger generation.14. at John Wileys, the booksellers. 15. an article of T. Johns16. this policy of the governments? 17. an idiots tale.18. That dog of Franks 19. This book of Joe Hills20. Janes letter 2. Double genitive p. 57 双重属格：“of +独立属格” 叫做双重属格双重属格。 S1: He is a friend of my fathers. WP: a painting of my colleagues A business client of my grandfathers 注注 被双重属格修饰的名词可以和 this, that 等指示（代词）限定 词连用，也可以带 which 等疑问限定词或数词等。例如： p. 58 WP this brilliant idea of Davids that clever remark of your sisters of- 词组和双重属格有时可以交替使用，但含义略有区别。比较： He is a friend of my fathers.(= He is one of my fathers friends.) He is a friend of my father. (= He is friendly to my father.) Do Ex. 5D: 4, 2, 13, 17; 1, 8； 9; 14, 20Key to Ex. 5D:1. The leg of the table is broken.2. Mary and Johns house is on the corner.3. on birdss nests. 4. the students problems.5. at the Joneses. 6. /7. Charles car but someone elses. 8. in ten years time.9. The products effectiveness10. This weeks news than the last two weeks.11. others problems. 12. each others worries.13. My brother and sister-in-laws house14. A friend of my fathers 15. A wheel of the car16. / 17. The baseball player wives18. womens clothing only.19. Miltons long poems.20. Those new shoes of yoursHomework1. Review what you have learned in the previous Lecture 4 and 5, and finish all the corresponding exercises.2. Preview 第6讲：限定词（一）（p.p. 60 72） 第7讲：限定词（二） (p.p. 73 85) Thank youThank you