英国文学发展史一览.doc

【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流英国文学发展史一览.精品文档.英国文学发展史一览1.English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodTime: about 7th centuryFeatures: verse literature （唱诗）two groups: pagan （非宗教性的） and religiousMain works:“Beowulf”poetry by Caedmon and Cynewulf2.English Literature of Middle CenturiesTime: mid 11th Century 15th CenturyFeatures:1.influence of the Norman Conquest2.Main works and writers:3.the Romances （骑士文学）4.Chaucers “The Canterbury Tales”3.English Literature of RenaissanceTime: early 16th Centurymid 17th CenturyFeatures: the first glorious period of English literary history, “ A nest of singing birds ” （百家争鸣，百花齐放）Main writers:1.Thomas More2.Edmund Spencer3.Francis Bacon4.Shakespeare4.English Literature during the Bourgeois RevolutionTime:16251688The English Bourgeois Revolution begins from 1642Features:Puritan age represented by John MiltonMain literary form: PoetryMain writers:John Milton 1608-16745.English Literature of the 18th CenturyFeatures:Also as the Enlightenment Movement Period （启蒙时期）It is divided into 3 stages:1.“Glorious revolution” to the end of 1730s;2.The mature period (1740s1750s);3.The last period covers the rest decades of the 18th century.Main authors:（小说家）Daniel Defoe， Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding（诗人）Alexander Pope6.Romanticism in EnglandTime: 1798-1832Features:1.是英国文学史上诗歌最为繁盛的时期；2.分为消极和积极两组。Main poets:1.以William Wordsworth 为代表的消极派“湖畔派诗人”2.以Shelley, Baron, Keats 为代表的积极派诗人。7.English Literature of the Mid & Late 19th CenturyFeatures:又被称为“Critical Realism Period”即批判现实主义阶段；以Charles Dickens 和William Thackeray 为代表的现实主义小说家；作品集中反映19世纪英国的社会现实；开始涌现一批女作家：有大家熟悉的Charlotte Bronte & Emily Bronte, 她们的代表作有呼啸山庄和简 爱8.English Literature of the 20th CenturyFeatures:二十世纪以来，英国在世界上的主导地位日渐趋淡，二战以后更是附属于美国；国内女权运动高涨；文学作品多反映中下层人民的生活，涉及诸多生活侧面；抒情诗再领潮流。Main writers:1.Bernard Shaw 的戏剧；2.D.H. Lawrence 的情爱小说；3.James Joyce 的意识流小说， “Stream of Consciousness”4.William Butler Yeats 的诗歌。Appreciation of poetry from the aspect of VersificationContents. Meter. Foot. Rhythm. Sound patterns. Rhyme. Rhyme Scheme. Forms of poem . Appreciations.meter （格）1.concept:the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.2.types:“” stands for unstressed syllable and “_” represents stressed syllable. “” is used to separate different feet.1 抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。 As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,So deep / in luve / am I :And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,Till a / the seas / gang dry:Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose注:art=are   luve=love   bonnie=beautiful   a=all   gang=go上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：2扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。 Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright  In the / forests / of the / nightWilliam Blake: The Tyger上例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为： 3 抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaest foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。 Like a child / from the womb,Like a ghost / from the tomb,I arise / and unbuild / it again. 三音步抑抑扬格 4 扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。 Touch her not / scornfully,Think of her / mournfully.          - Thomas Hood     两音步扬抑抑格 5 抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。 如：三音步抑扬抑格下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。O hush thee / my babie / thy sire was / a knight.注：在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。. Foot （音步）1. Concept: a unit of poetic meter of stressed and unstressed syllable2.Types: Monometer: one foot; Pentameter: five feet Dimeter: two feet; Hexameter: six feet Trimeter: three feet; Heptameter: seven feet Tetrameter: four feet; Octameter: eight feetDistinction between “foot” and “meter”Foot is not to be confused with meter, though the names for feet end with “-meter”. Meter is based on syllables, indicating how stressed and unstressed syllables are arranged. Foot is applied with a single line, indicating how many meters are employed in that line. Note: Meter+foot =metrical rhythm/versification. Rhythm （节奏/韵律）concept: The passage of regular or approximately equivalent time intervals between definite events or the recurrence of specific sounds or kinds of sounds or the recurrence of stressed and unstressed syllables is called rhythm. Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are!.rhyme （押韵）1.concept: the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds e.g. Home, Foam; chair, there2. types:. Rhyme Scheme（韵式）1.Concept: The arrangement of rhymes in a poem or stanza. 2.types: 1end rhyme（尾韵）occurs at the end of a line. 1） 联韵： “aabb”型。I shot an arrow into the air, a It fell to earth, I knew not where aFor, softly it flew, the sight b Could not follow it in its flight. bHenry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song2） 交叉韵：abab型。 Sunset and evening star, a  And one clear call for me! b And may there be no moaning of the bar, aWhen I put out to sea, bAlfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar3） 同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。如下例就共用i:p为韵脚The woods are lovely, dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.        Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 2. 头韵(alliteration)：是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。下例中运用f、b与s头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free,We were the first that ever burstInto that silent sea.T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Ancient Mariner 3内韵：指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。 下面一节诗中i及i重复照应，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。Spring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant king;Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring.Forms of poem （诗体）Form is the design of a poem, the particular pattern it takes when it is written on paper. In each poem, we usually find a number of similar units. Each unit may have three lines, four lines or more. This recurring unit of a poem is called stanza.（诗节） 2. Forms of Poetry 1）.Blank verse （无韵诗体）Blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter, a line consisting of five feet of unstressed and stressed syllables. （由不押韵的诗行组成的诗体，通常是抑扬格五音步）Examples: Shakespeare's plays, Milton's Paradise Lost and Wordsworth's Prelude are written in blank verse. The following is from Shakespeare's As You Like It :All the world's a stage,And all the men and women merely players:They have their exits and their entrances.2）.Couplet （对偶句） Couplet: a pair of rhymed lines which may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem. Popular in the eighteenth century, a couplet may be long or short, but usually contain a complete thought in itself, the first line ending with a pause and the second line with a full stop.(包括两个相连的诗行的一种诗的单位，通常压韵并具有同样的格律，经常组成一个完整的意思和句法单位。)Examples: Geoffrey Chaucer and John Dryden among others have written in couplets. The following is from Dryden's "Mac Flecknoe".All human things are subject to decayAnd when fate summons, monarchs must obey.3）.Tercet（同韵三行诗节）Tercet: a three-line stanza, also called terza rima, which, if rhymed, keeps to one rhyme sound. （由三行诗文组成的一个诗节，通常压同韵或与另一三行诗节压韵）Example: Dante's Divine Comedy and Shelley's "Ode tothe West Wind" used this stanza. The following is from Shelley.O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being, Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves deadAre driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,4）.Quatrain(四行诗) Quatrain: a four-line stanza in many line lengths and sometimes in lines of varying length, rhymed usually in lines two and four.（ 四行一节的诗）Example: This stanza is used very often in English poetry, most notably in ballads, and in Thomas Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" and Tennyson's In Memoriam. Here is an example from Tennyson's "Break, Break, Break".Break, break, break, On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!And I would that my tongue could utter The thoughts that arise in me.5）.Sonnet(十四行诗)Sonnet: a fourteen-line stanza of iambic pentameter. Coming originally from Italy and used often to write love poems, the English sonnet has different rhyme schemes. The Italian sonnet, or Petrarchan sonnet（ (意大利诗人彼特拉克推广的) 彼特拉克体十四行诗）, consists of an octave (8-line stanza) and sestet (6-line stanza), rhymed abba abba cdecde. The English sonnet, initiated by Edmund Spenser called Spenserian Stanza, rhymed abab-bcbc-cdcd-ee Shakespearean sonnet, consists of three quatrains and a couplet, rhymed abab cdcd efef gg. Most English poets have written sonnets and some have written a series of sonnets on certain subjects. The most famous sonnet sequences are Spenser's Amoretti, Shakespeare's Sonnets and Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Sonnets from the Portuguese.6）. Epigram (讽刺短诗;警句;隽语诗,) Epigram: a short poem ending in a witty turn of thought. Brief and rhymed, epigram is usually satiric, mercilessly playful and sometimes malicious.Example: The following is from J.V. Cunningham (1911-1985) :This Humanist whom no beliefs constrainedGrew so broad-minded he was scatter-brained7）. Limerick: (五行打油诗)Limerick: five anapestic lines usually rhymed aabba. Made popular by Edward Lear (1812-1888), author of nonsense poems, limerick is humorous and playful. （一种通俗幽默短诗，有五行组成，韵式为aabba）Example: The following is from an anonymous author and about Einstein's theory of relativity.There was a young lady named BrightWho traveled much faster than light. She started one day In the relative wayAnd returned on the previous night.Appreciate the following sonnetThat Time of Year By ShakespeareThat time of year thou mayst in me beholdWhen yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hangUpon those boughs which shake against the cold,Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang,In me thou seest the twilight of such dayAs after sunset fadeth in the west,When by and by black night doth take away,Deaths second self, that seals up all in rest.In me thou seest the glowing of such fire,That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.As the deathbed whereon it must expire,Consumed with that which it was nourished by.This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong,To love that well which thou must leave ere long.  Notes:mayst: may behold: seelate: no long ago thou: you seest:see fadeth: fades   doth: does   seals up all at rest:彻底埋葬   thy: your    perceivest: perceive  ere long: before longHintsWrite your criticism according to the following guides.1.forms2.foot+meter3.rhyme4.Chinese translation5.imagerySonnets appreciation1. Italian Sonnet2. Spenserian Sonnet3. Shakespearian Sonnet Bacon, FrancisLIFE Bacon, Francis (philosopher) (1561-1626), English philosopher and statesman, one of the pioneers of modern scientific thought.WORKSBacon's writings fall into three categories: philosophical,purely literary,professional.The best of his philosophical works lThe Advancement of Learning学术的推进 (1605), a review in English of the state of knowledge in his own time, and Novum Organum新工具(1620).lChief contributions to literaturelBacons Essays随笔, his chief contributions to literature, were published at various times between 1597 and 1625. His History of Henry VII 亨利七世王朝史(1622) shows his abilities in scholarly research. In his fanciful New Atlantis新大西岛 Bacon suggested the formation of scientific academies. Professional workslBacon's professional works include Maxims of the Law (1630), Reading on the Statute of Uses (1642), pleadings in law cases, and speeches in Parliament. The theory that Bacon, rather than an obscure actor from Stratford-upon-Avon, is the true author of William Shakespeare's plays has been thoroughly discredited.Essays-Of Study(论 读 书）1 lStudies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshaling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves go give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Of Study 2 lRead not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider.（2） Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others, but that would be only in the less important arguments and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have more cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.Of Study 3l（3）Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies, like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins, shooting for the lungs and breast, gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the head, and the like. So if a mans wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen, for they are Cymini sectores. If he be not able to beat over matters and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt. Translation of the underlinedl1.读书足以怡情，