张汉熙高级英语第二册修辞.doc

Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date张汉熙高级英语第二册修辞Lesson1Lesson11 We can batten down and ride it out.-metaphor2 Everybody out the back door to the cars!-elliptical sentence3 Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them.-simile4 Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point-transferred epithet5 Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees,and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads-metaphor ,simileLesson21 The little crowd of mourners all men and boys,no womenthreaded their way across the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels,wailing a short chant over and over again.elliptical sentence2 A carpenter sitscross-legged at a prehistoric lathe,turning chair-legs at lightning speed.historical present ,transferred epithet3 Still,a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.synecdoche4 As the storks flew northward the Negroes were marching southwarda long,dusty column,infantry,screw-gun batteries,adnthen more infantry,four or five thousand men in all,winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels.onomatopoetic words symbolism5 Not hostile,not contemptuous,not sullen,not even inquisitive.elliptical sentence6 And really it was like watching a flock of cattle to see the long column,a mile or two miles of armed men,flowing peacefully up the road,while the great white birds drifted over them in the opposite direction,glittering like scraps of paper.simileLesson31 The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks,or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern.metaphor2 They are like the musketeers of Dumas who,although they lived side by side with each other,did not delve into,each others lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.simile3 It was on such an occasion te other evening,as the conversation moved desultorily here and there,from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter,without and focus and with no need for one that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place,and all at once ther was a focus.metaphor4 The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock,and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth.simile5 Even with the most educated and the most literate,the Kings English slips and slides in conversation.metaphor ,alliteration6 When E.M.Forster writes of “the sinister corridor of our age,”we sit up at the vividness of the phrase,the force and even terror in the image.metaphorLesson41 Let the word go forth from this time and place,to friend and foe alike,that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans,born in this century,tempered by war,disciplined by a hard and bitter peace,proud of our ancient heritage,and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed,and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.alliteration2 Let every nation know,whether it wishes us well or ill,that we shall pay any price,bear any burden,meet any hardship,suppor any friend,oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.parataxis consonance3 United,there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures.Divided,there is little we can do,for we dare not meet a power ful challenge at odds and split asunder.antithsis4 in the past,those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.metaphor5 Let us never negotiate out of fear,but let us never fear to negotiate.regression6 All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days.historical allusion,climax7 And so,my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you;ask what you can do for your country.contrast, windingLesson51 Charles Lamb,as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays,unfettered the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dreams Children.metaphor2 Read,then,the following essay which undertakes to demonstrate that logic,far from being a dry,pedantic discipline,is a living,breathing thing,full of beauty,passion,and trauma.metaphor,hyperbole3 Back and forth his head swiveled,desire waxing,resolution waning.antithesis4 Whats Polly to me,or me to Polly?parody5 This loomed as a project of no small dimensions,and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey.=understatement6 Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind,a few embers still smoldered.Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame.metaphor,extended metaphorLesson61 As in architecture,so in automaking.elliptical sentenceLesson71 Here was the very heart of industrial America,the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity,the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earthand here was a scene so dreadfully hideous,so intolerably bleak and forlorn that it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke.metaphor,hyperbole,antithetical contrast2 Here was wealth beyond computation,almost beyond imaginationand here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats.hyperbole,antithetical contrast3 The country itself is not uncomely,despite the grime of the endless mills.litotes,understatement4 Obviously,if ther were architects of any professional sense or dignity in the region,they would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsidesa chalet with a highpitched roof,to throw off the heavy winter snows,but still essentially a low and clinging building,wider than it was tall.sarcasm5 And one and all they are streaked in grime,with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks.metaphor6 When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring.ridicule ,irony,metaphor7 I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer.irony8 Safe in a Pullman,Ihave whirled through the gloomy,God-forsaken villages of Iowa and Lansas,and the malarious tidewater hamlets of Georgia.antonomasia9 It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius,uncompromisingly inimical to man,had devoted all the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them.hyperbole ,irony10 They like it as it is:beside it,the Parthenon would no doubt offend them.irony11 It is that of a Presbyterian grinning.metaphorLesson81 One speaks of”human relations”and one means the most inhuman relations,those between alienated automatons;one speaks of happiness and means the perfect routinization which has driven out the last doubt and all spontaneity.parallismLesson91 In the streets between houses with red roofs and painted walls,between old mossgrown gardens and under avenues of trees,past great parks and public buildings,processions.periodic sentence2 The air of morning was so clear that the snow stil crowning the Eighteen Peaks burned with white-gold fire across the miles of sunlit air,under the dark blue of the sky.metaphor3 In the silence of the broad green meadows one could hear the music winding through the city streets,farther and nearer and ever approaching,a cheerful faint sweetness of the air that from time to time trembled and gathered together and broke out into the great joyous clanging of the bells.periodic sentence4 Some of them understand why,and some do not,but they all understand that their happiness,the beauty of their city,the tenderness of their friendships,the health of their children,the wisdom of their scholars,the skill of their makers,even the abundance of their harvest and the kindly weathers of their skies,depend wholly on this childs abominable misery.parallel construction5 Indeed,after so long it would probably be wretched without walls about it to protect it ,and darkness for its eyes,and its own excrement to sit in.parallel constructionLesson101 The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curious questionings by the young:memories of the deliciously illicit thrill of the first visit to a speakeasy,of the brave denunciationg of Puritan morality,and of the fashionable experimentations in amour in the parked sedan on a country road;questions about the naughty,jazzy parties,the flask-toting”sheik”,and the moral and stylistic vagaries of the “flapper”and the “drug-store cowboy”.transferred epithet2 Second,in the United States it was reluctantly realized by somesubconsciously if not openlythat our country was no longer isolated in either politics or tradition and that we had reached an international stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality or the geographical protection of our two bordering oceans.metaphor3 War or no war,as the generations passed,it became increasingly difficult for our young people to accept standards of behavior that bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success.metaphor4 The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure,and by precipitationg our young people into a pattern of mass murder it released their inhibited violent energies which,after theshooting was over,were turned in both Europe and America to the destruction of an obsolescent nineteenthcentury society.metaphor5 The prolonged stalemate of 1915-1916,the increasing insolence of Germany toward the United States,and our official reluctance to declare our status as a belligerent were intolerable to many of our idealistic citizens,and with typical American adventurousness enhanced somewhat by the strenuous jingoism of Theodore Roosevelt,our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.metonymy6 Their energies had been whipped up and their naivete destroyed by the war and now,in sleepy Gopher Prairies all over the country,they were being asked to curb those energies and resume the pose of self-deceiving Victorian innocence that they now felt to be as outmoded as the notion that their fighting had”made the world safe for democracy”.metaphor7 After the war,it was only natural that hopeful young writers,their minds and pens inflamed against war,Babbittry,and”Puritanical”gentility,should flock to the traditional artistic center(where living was still cheap in 1919)to pour out their new-found creative strength,to tear down the old world, to flout ht morality of their grandfathers,and to give all to art,love,and sensation.metonymy synecdoche8 Younger brothers and sisters of the war generation,who had been playing with marbles and dolls during the battles of Belleau Wood andChateau-Thierry,and who had suffered no real disillusionment or sense of loss,now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.metaphor9 These defects would disappear if only creative art were allowed to show the way to better things,but since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar,there was little remedy for the sensitive mind but to emigrate to Europe where”they do things better.”personification,metonymy ,synecdocheLesson111 This is because there are fewer fanatical believers among the English,and at the same time,below the noisy arguments,the abuse and the quarrels,there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-feeling,not yet exhausted though it may not be filling up.metaphor2 But there are not may of these men,either on the board or the shop floor,and they are certainly not typical English.metaphor3 Some cancer in their character has eaten away their Englishness.metaphor4 A further necessay demand,to feed the monster with higher and higher figures and larger and larger profits,is for enormous advertising campaigns and brigades of razor-keen salesmen.metaphor5 It is a battle that is being fought in the minds of the English.It is between Admass,which has already conquered most of the Western world,and Englishness,ailing and impoverished,in no position to receive vast subsidies of dollars,francs,Deutschmarks and the rest,for public relations and advertising campaigns.personification6 Against this,at least superficially,Englishness seems a poor shadowy showa faint pencil sketch beside a poster in full color belonging as it really does to the invisible inner world,merely offering states of mind in place of that rich variety of things.But then while things are important,states of mind are even more important.metaphor7 It must have some moral capital to draw upon,and soon it may be asking for an overdraft.metaphor8 Bewildered,they grope and mess around because they have fallen between two stools,the old harsh discipline having vanished and the essential new self-discipline either not understood or thought to be out of reach.metaphor9 Recognized political parties are repertory companies staging ghostly campaigns,and all that is real between them is the arrangement by which one set of chaps take their turn at ministerial jobs while the other et pretend to be astounded and shocked and bring in talk of ruin.metaphor10 Englishness cannot be fed with the east wind of a narrow rationality,the latest figures of profit and loss,a constant appeal to self-interest.metaphor11 And this is true,whether they are wearing bowler hats or ungovernable mops of hair.metonymyLesson121 When it did,I like many a writer befor me upon the discovery that his props have all been knocked out from under him,suffered a species of breakdown ad was carried off to the mountains of Switzerland.metaphor2 Tere,in that absolutely alabaster landscape armed with two Bessie Smith records and a typewriter I began to try to recreate the life that I had first known as a child and from which I had spent so many years in flight.metaphor3 Once I was able to accept my roleas distinguished,I must say,from my”place”in the extraordinary drama which is America,I was released from the illusion that I hated America.metaphor4 It is not meant,of course,to imply that it happens to them all,for Europe can be very crippling too;and,anyway,a writer,when he has made his first breakthrough,has simply won a crucial skirmish in a dangerous,unending and unpredictable battle.metaphor5 Whatever the Europeans may actually think of artists,they have killed enough of them off by now to know that they are as realand as persistenas rain,snow,taxes or businessmen.simile6 In this endeavor to wed the vision of the Old World with that of the New,it is the writer,not the statesman,who is