高三英语二轮语法专题复习学案：时态和语态.docx

High School EnglishGuided Learning PlanContributor: Ethan Time: 29 May 2022TopicTense and VoiceLesson TypeNewLearning Objectives时态和语态一、时态1一般现在时一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语使用第三人称单数形式。(1)表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time等时间状语。Secondary school in the USA usually covers seven years, grades six to twelve.（美国的中学通常是七年制，即从六年级到十二年级。）I live far away from my parents, so I only go to see them occasionally.（我住得离父母很远，因此只能偶尔去看他们。）(2)表示人、事物的现在状况和特点。She knows French and German besides English.（除了英语，她还会法语和德语。）Planning so far ahead makes no senseso many things will have changed by next year.（这么早作计划没有什么意义到明年很多事情会发生变化。）(3)表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象，或用在格言中。Its known that the earth goes round the sun.（众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。）The geography teacher told us the earth travels around the sun.（地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。）“Life is like walking in the snow,” Granny used to say, “because every step shows.”（奶奶过去经常说，“人生就像在雪中行走，因为每一步都留有足迹。”）(4)表示按规定、计划、安排、时间表等马上要发生的事，常与具体的时间状语连用。常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、作息、安排等时刻表上，且仅限于少数表示短暂意义的动词，这类词语主要有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start, take off, finish, stop等。The train leaves at 4:30 p. m.（火车在下午4:30出发。）The plane takes off at 5 o clock.（飞机在5点钟起飞。）(5)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态，可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，主句仍用一般将来时。Ill tell him about it as soon as he comes.（他一来，我就告诉他这件事。）Theyll stand by you even if you dont succeed.（即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。）2一般过去时一般过去时由动词的过去式表示。(1)表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。When I called you this morning, nobody answered the phone.（早上我给你打电话时，没有人接。）Is Peter coming?（彼得要来吗？）No, he changed his mind after a phone call at the last minute.（不来了。他在最后时刻接了一个电话后改变了主意。）(2)表示过去经常、反复发生的动作。During his middle school years, he played football nearly every day.（他在中学时代几乎天天踢足球。）I always got up late, and never had enough time for breakfast.（我总是起床很晚，从来没有足够的时间吃早饭。）(3)表示过去一段时间内完成的动作。Long time no see! Havent you graduated from college?（好久不见！你大学毕业了吗？）Yes. I studied English for four years in Nanjing.（毕业了，我在南京学了四年英语。）(4)有些动作发生的时间没有具体表明，但实际上是“刚才，刚刚”发生，应使用一般过去时。I didn t know you were here.（我不知道你在这里。）Sorry, I forgot to bring your book.（很抱歉，我忘记带你的书来了。）(5)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时表示过去将来的意义。He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.（他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。）They said they would inform me if they heard any news about him.（他们说如果听到任何关于他的消息，就通知我。）3一般将来时(1)will/shall动词原形表示不含主观因素，单纯的将来，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。shall一般用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称。By the time you have finished this book, your meal will get cold.（等到你看完这本书，你的饭就凉了。）My birthday is coming. I shall be 18 years old.（我的生日就要到了。我将要18岁了。）Work hard, and you'll be successful in time.（只要你努力，一定会成功。）(祈使句and/or将来时)will还可表达说话时临时做出的决定。What time is it?（几点了？）I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.（我不知道。稍等，我帮你看一下。）Youve left the light on.（你忘记关灯了。）Oh, so I have. Ill go and turn it off.（啊，确实如此。那我去关上它。） (2)be going to动词原形表示按计划、打算要做某事。They are going to meet outside the school gate.（他们打算在校门外见面。）I feel I am going to make progress with her help.（我觉得在她的帮助下我会进步的。）表示根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。I think I'm going to die.（我想我快死了。）(现在生命垂危)Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.（看那些乌云。天要下雨了。）(3)be to动词原形“be to动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。You are to hand in your papers by 10 oclock.（10点前你们得交上论文。）If a man is to succeed, he must work as hard as he can.（一个人要想成功，就必须拼命工作。）(4)be about to动词原形“be about to动词原形”表示打算或根据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。The English evening is about to start.（英语晚会即将开始。）注：用在时间、条件或让步状语从句中以及谈论按计划或时间表安排的活动时，要用一般现在时表示将来。如：If it is fine tomorrow, we shall visit the Great Wall.（如果明天晴天，我们将游览长城。）The flight takes off at 2:30 every Wednesday and Friday.（航班每个星期三、星期五2:30起飞。）4现在进行时现在进行时的构成形式为：am/is/are现在分词。(1) 表示正在进行的动作或现阶段一直在进行的动作。They are having lunch at home now.（他们现在正在家吃午饭。）The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill.（秘书生病时，教授自己打他的信。）(2)表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，这类动词主要有：go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stop, do等。Where are you going?（你要去哪儿？）Im going to school.（我要去上学。）My aunt is leaving for Shanghai at eleven oclock tomorrow morning.（明天早上十一点我婶婶将离开去上海。）(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用。She is always finding fault with others.（她总是挑别人的错。）Tom is always coming late for meetings, which makes his boss very angry.（汤姆开会老是迟到，这使他的老板很生气。）5过去进行时过去进行时的构成为was/were现在分词。(1) 表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。Linda told the policeman she was waiting for the bus at ten o'clock yesterday morning.（琳达告诉警察昨天上午10点她正在等公交车。）The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.（当那个男孩的父亲下班回来时，他正在做作业。）(2)表示在过去某一段时间内一直在进行的动作，但谈话时动作未必正在进行。I was living in the school's dormitory when I was in high school.（我上高中时一直住在学校的宿舍里。）(3)动词leave, start, arrive, go, come等的过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。I was coming to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.（我打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是不得已打电话取消了。）He said he was leaving for home in a day or two.（他说他一两天后就动身回家了。）(4)与always, constantly, continually, forever等副词连用表示赞美或讨厌的感情色彩。She was always thinking of others.（她总是为别人考虑。）(赞扬)She was forever complaining.（她总是抱怨。）(厌烦)6将来进行时其构成为：will/shall be doing。表示将来某个时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如：at this time tomorrow (明天的这个时间)，from 1:30 to 4:30 the day after tomorrow (后天从1:30到4:30)等。If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you will be eating fresh watermelon in the fall.（如果你春天播下西瓜种子，那么秋天就能吃上新鲜的西瓜了。）Ill be talking with the professor at this time tomorrow.（明天这个时间我将在和教授谈话。）When he comes to my house tomorrow, I will be preparing for the coming interview.（明天他来我家时，我将正在为即将到来的面试做准备。）7过去将来时(1)“would动词原形”主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作(尤其用于宾语从句中)，还可以表示过去的动作习惯或倾向。She said that she wouldnt do that again.（她说她再不会这样做了。）(2) was/were going to动词原形表示过去的打算；表示在过去看来有迹象表明将要发生某事。I thought it was going to rain.（我认为要下雨了。）(3)was/were to动词原形表示过去按计划或安排要做的事情。She said she was to get married next month.（她说她计划在下个月结婚。）(4)was/were about to动词原形表示在过去看来即将要发生的动作，由于本身已含有“即将”的意味，所以不再与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.（电话铃响时我正好要上床睡觉。）(5)was/were现在分词表示在过去看来即将发生的动作。通常可用于该结构中的动词是come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等瞬间动词。Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.（杰克说他打算明天动身。）8现在完成时现在完成时由“have/has过去分词”构成。(1)表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。（表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态一直延续到现在，表示动作已经完成。）Ive made a cake.（我做了一个蛋糕。）Im sorry, but I dont quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?（对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？）Sorry, I havent made myself clear. We want to return on October 20.（对不起，我没有表达清楚，我们打算10月20号回来。）(2)表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.（他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。）(3) 在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时之前已完成的动作。（用现在完成时代替将来完成时）When shall we restart our business?（什么时候我们重新开始我们的事业？）Not until we have finished our plan.（直到我们完成我们的计划。）Will you come to my office when you have finished your work?（你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？）注：(1)在“This/That/It is (will be) the first/second/third . timethat从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。如：It is the third time that you have been late for work this week, isnt it?（这已经是这周你第三次工作迟到了，不是吗？）This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema as a family.（这是我们全家第一次到电影院看电影。）(1)在“This/That/It is the best (worst, most interesting等)名词从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。如：It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.（这是自从我到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。）(3)在“It is/has been一段时间since从句”中，since从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。如：It is twenty years since Ive seen her.（我已经二十年没见她了。）9过去完成时过去完成时的构成为：haddone，其基本用法如下：(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作，即“过去的过去”；或延续到过去某一时间的动作。句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语(before, after, by, up till)，这种时态从来不孤立使用。I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.（当车来的时候，我在车站已经等了20分钟。）I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.（我发现这个报告很难懂，因为当我到的时候，它已经开始了。）By the time the messenger reached him, the damage had been done.（送信人赶到他那儿时，损失已经造成了。）(2)表示本打算做但事实上并未做成某事。常见的有此用法的动词有hope, want, mean, suppose, intend, plan, think, expect等。I had hoped to come to help you. Something happened to me. Thats why I didnt come.（我本希望能来帮助你，但我出了点事，所以没有来。）Bill had hoped to retire at 60, but they persuaded him to stay on for a few years.（比尔原本打算60岁退休的，但是他们说服他留下来再干几年。）注：在“hardly (scarcely) .when ., no sooner .than .”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意思为“一就”。如：Hardly had the performance begun when the lights went out.（演出刚一开始灯就熄灭了。）Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.（演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。）10将来完成时将来完成时的结构为：will/shall have done。表示在将来某个时刻前已经完成或一直持续的动作，并对将来产生一定的影响。常与“by将来的某个时间”或when/before引导的时间状语从句连用。By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.（你到家时我将已把房子彻底打扫一遍了。）We shall have finished the project by the end of this year.（我们将在今年年底完成这项工程。）11现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由“have/has been现在分词”构成(1)表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态一直延续到现在，并且还在进行。Ive been making a cake.（我一直在做蛋糕。）Since the time humankind started gardening, we have been trying to make our environment more beautiful.（自从人类开创园艺工作以来，我们一直在努力使我们的环境更加美丽。）(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere.（你刚才去哪里了？我们一直在到处找你。）注：现在完成进行时有时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。如：I have been ringing you several times in two days.（这两天内我给你打过几次电话。）二、语态被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化列表如下：形态 时间现在过去将来过去将来一般am/is/are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould/ should be done进行am/is/are being donewas/were being done/完成have/has been donehad been donewill/shall have been donewould/should have been done注：(1)只有带有宾语的及物动词才有被动语态。(2)被动语态的否定式是在其构成形式中的第一个助动词后加not。如：The window is dirty because it hasn't been cleaned for weeks.（玻璃很脏，因为好几个星期没有擦洗了。）I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but was held back thankfully by the shop window.（当时我有一种强烈的愿望想要把手伸进去玩那个玩具，但是幸好被橱窗阻隔了。）The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruits and vegetables.（如果人们被说服了吃更多的水果和蔬菜，那么死于心脏病的人数将大大减少。）被动语态的基本用法：1强调或突出动作的承受者。New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.（新西兰葡萄酒质量很好，行销全世界。）2不知道或无需说出动作的执行者。The meeting is to be put off till Friday.（这个会议推迟到星期五。）Have you heard about that fire in the market?（你听说市场里发生的火灾了吗？）Yes, fortunately no one was hurt.（听说了，幸运的是，没有人受伤。）3用在科技文献或新闻报道中。Cars of this kind were made in the 1980s.（这种小汽车是二十世纪80年代制造的。）注：注意主动形式表示被动意义的情况：表示主语的某种属性特征的词：clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash等，常用其主动形式表示被动意义，且主语通常是物。如：This pen writes smoothly.（这支钢笔写起字来很流畅。）在need, want, require, bear等词的后面常跟动名词，以主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。如：The house needs repairing/to be repaired.（这栋房子需要维修。）。随堂练习单句语法填空1May I have your attention, please? Now Id like to make a speech here. As we know, waste _ (become) a common scene on campus recently.2When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village, I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I (cause) her. But she refused.3Ice bucket challenge is a great success until now, a big donation (receive)4By next Thursday, they (complete) the construction of the new school.5Man changes his living habits in order to adjust to climate, but climate (change) as well, though more slowly.6No physical cause could (find). Finally the doctor said to the man, “Unless you tell me whats on your conscience, I cant help you.”7Mrs. Woo Mei Fong said that her husband had just left for work when she (feel) that her house was moving.8Hurry up! We need to get to the top of the mountain before the sun (sink) in the west.1has become 2had caused 3has been received 4will have completed 5changes 6be found 7felt 8sinks9学科网（北京）股份有限公司