《分析化学（上）》教学大纲（英文版）.docx

分析化学（上）教学大纲（英文版）-正文内容开始- Analytical Chemistry Part ICourse Syllabus Course Code：09041035 Course Category：Major Basic Majors：Chemistry Semester：Fall Total Hours：72 Hours Credit：3 Lecture Hours：72 Hours Textbooks： Na Li, John J. Hefferren. Ke'an LiQuantitative Chemical Analysis,Beijing University Press, 2022, 1st edition Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch, Principle of Instrumental Analysis, Cengage Learning, 2022, 6th edition References Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchFundamentals of Analytical ChemistryBrooks Cole; 8 edition (August 7, 2022) Gary D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, Wiley; 6 edition (March 14, 2022) Robert Kellner, Jean-Michel Mermet, Matthias Otto, Miguel Valcarcel, H. Michael Widmer Analytical Chemistry: A Modern Approach to Analytical Science, Wiley-VCH; 2 edition (October 8, 2022) David T. Harvey, Modern Analytical Chemistry, McDraw-Hill, 1999 1st edition Daniel C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, W. H. Freeman, 2022, 9th edition Teaching Aim Analytical chemistry is a discipline that studies and uses instruments and methods to separate, identify, and quantify matter. In practice separation, identification or quantification may constitute the entire analysis or be combined with another method. Separation isolates analytes. Qualitative analysis identifies analytes, while quantitative analysis determines the numerical amount or concentration. Taking this course, the students will develop the basic concepts of quantity in chemistry, and will get a systematic knowledge on the four basic chemical equilibriums and their applications for analyses, such as for titrimetric and gravimetric analyses, working principles of typical analytical instruments, their applicability over different forms of species. Through this course and related training, the students could also develop the ability of resolving related practical problems with suitable analytical strategies and technologies. Chapter 1 Introduction on Analytical Chemistry 课时：1周，共4课时 Content The definition of analytical chemistry, function Teaching Outline: Classification and Nomenclature, the aim, the function of analytical chemistry The history and recent development Teaching Outline: recent development; definition of on-line, real-time and in-vivo; gravimetry, titrimetry Quantitative and qualitative analysis Teaching Outline: Quantitative analysis; qualitative analysis; macro, micro, trace, and ultra-trace analysis Introduction on titration analysis Teaching Outline: titrimetry; standard solution; stoichiometric point, end point; classification of titrimetry; direct titration, back titration, replacement titration, indirect titration; calculations in titrimetry Sample collection and pretreatment Teaching Outline: preparation of inorganic samples; sample collection; dry ashing, wet ashing, microwave digestion Problems 1. What does a primary substance mean? What are the general requirements on primary substances? 2. List at least three examples of application of analytical techniques you have used. Chapter 2 Errors and Data processing in Quantitative Analysis 课时：2周，共6课时 Content 2.1 Errors in analytical chemistry Teaching Outline: Systematic errors, random errors, precision and accuracy, deviation and error, average deviation and standard deviation, mean, 2.2 Distribution of random errors Teaching Outline: distribution of random error, the Gaussian curves, areas under a Gaussian curve, standard error of the mean, confidence intervals, 2.3 Statistic of limited data Teaching Outline: T distribution; compare a mean with a true value (t test); compare two precisions (F test); comparing two means (u test) 2.4 Methods for the improvement of accuracy Teaching Outline: selection of analytical methods, elimination of systematic errors 2.5 Regression equation Teaching Outline: regression equation, correlation coefficient 2.6 significant figures Teaching Outline: significant figures, rounding rules Problems 1. What do accuracy and precision mean? 2. How to tell whether a suspicious data in a data set should be retained or rejected? 3. Does a high confidence level always favorable in the determination a confidence interval, why? Chapter 3 Acid-base Equilibriums and Acid-Base Titrations 课时：3周，共12课时 Content 3.1 Acid-base titration in aqueous solutions Teaching Outline: Acid-base theories, dissociation constant, concentration, activity and activity coefficient 3.2 Distribution of various forms in acid-base solution Teaching Outline: analytical concentration and equilibrium concentration, influence of acidity on the forms in acid-base solution , distribution fractions 3.3 calculation of pH Teaching Outline: proton balance equation, calculation of various solutions, strong acids or bases, weak acids or bases, monoprotic acid, polyprotic acid 3.4 Buffer solution for acid-base pairs Teaching Outline: buffer capacity, calculation of pH value of buffer solutions, common buffer solutions and their preparations 3.5 Acid-base indicators Teaching Outline: working mechanism of indicators, common indicators and their transition range, mixed indicators 3.6 acid-base titration Teaching Outline: titration curves; the end point break; titration in strong acid (base), polyprotic acids and mixtures; selection of indicators; titration error and the calculations 3.7 application of acid-base titration Teaching Outline: preparation of standard solutions and their calibration; influence of carbon dioxide in titration; application of acid-base titration: titration of boric acid, Kjeldahl method for nitrogen determination Problems 1. What does a dissociation constant mean? 2. What does a buffer solution mean? Give the details on how to prepare a pH 7.0 phosphate buffer (100mM). 3. How does a titration error occur in an acid-base titration? How can we calculate this error? Chapter 4 Complexometric Titration 课时：2周，共10课时 Content 4.1 Introduction on complexometric titration Teaching Outline: complexometry in analytical chemistry, property of EDTA and its application in complexometric titration 4.2 Complexometric equilibriums Teaching Outline: stability (formation) constant, dissociation constant; distribution of various formations in aqueous solution; metal ion buffers 4.3 Conditional formation constant Teaching Outline: side reactions; side reaction coefficient; conditional formation constant, acidic effect coefficient 4.4 Metal ion indicators, Teaching Outline: working principle of metal ion indicators; transition point, selection of metal ion indicators; commonly used metal ion indicators 4.5 Basic principles for complexometric titration Teaching Outline: titration curve and change of concentration during the titration process; factors influence the end point break; the titration error and its calculations 4.6 Acidity control in complexometric titration Teaching Outline: feasibility of titration in a single metal ion solution; control of acidity single metal ion titration; the highest, the lowest and the best acidity; feasibility of titration test in multi-ion solutions 4.7 Methods for the improvement of selectivity in complexometric titration Teaching Outline: control the acidity; masking agent and demasking agent 4.8 Application of complexometric titration Teaching Outline: direct titration, indirect titration, back titration and displacement titration; masking; preparation and calibration of EDTA standard Problems 1. What does conditional formation constant mean? 2. Why sometimes back titrations or indirect titrations should be used in complexometric titrations. Give at least one on each type. 3. How does an indicator work in a complexometric titration? Chapter 5 Oxidation-reduction Titration 课时：2周，共6课时 Content 5.1 Redox equilibriums Teaching Outline: formal potentials; ionic strength effect, side reaction effect; acidity effect; rate of redox reactions, self-catalyzed reaction and induced reaction 5.2 Redox titration Teaching Outline: redox titration curve; end-point potential; redox indicators; commonly used indicators; pre-adjustment: pre-oxidation 5.3 Application of redox titration Teaching Outline: potassium permanganate method; potassium dichromate; starch-iodine method, iodimetry (direct) and iodometry (indirect), use of starch indicator Problems 1. What does formal potential mean? 2. What is a self-indicator? Given one example. 3. How to prepare standard solutions of KMnO4 and Na2S2O3? 4. What are the differences between iodometry and iodimetry? Chapter 6 Precipitation titration 课时：1周，共3课时 Teaching Outline: Precipitation reaction, principles and applications of Mohr titration, Volhard titration and Fajans titration Problems 1. List the typical examples of argentometry. What are the indicators used in these methods? 2. Why sometimes a blank titration is required? Give one example. Chapter 7 Gravimetry 课时：2周，共6课时 Content 7.1 introductions Teaching Outline: classification of gravimetry, procedure of gravimetric analysis; requirement on the precipitation form 7.2 solubility of precipitation Teaching Outline: solubility and intrinsic solubility; activity product, solubility product and conditional solubility product; common ion effect, salt effect, acid effect, complexometric effect and other factors influence the solubility 7.3 formation of precipitations Teaching Outline: Classification of precipitations, crystalline precipitation and amorphous precipitation; Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation 7.4 Main factors influence the purity of precipitation Teaching Outline: Coprecipitation, adsorption co precipitation, occlusion and inclusion; post precipitation 7.5 Conditions for precipitation and post treatment Teaching Outline: Requirements for crystalline precipitation, amorphous precipitation; aging; homogeneous precipitation 7.6 Organic precipitation agents Teaching Outline: Classification and commonly used organic precipitation agents Problems 1. With continuous introduction of chloride into an AgNO3 solution, a U-shaped solubility curve is obtained toward silver, try explain this. 2. Why controlling pH sometimes is important for obtaining a good precipitate? 3. What is a homogeneous precipitation and what are the advantages of this method? Chapter 8 Separation Techniques in Analytical Chemistry 课时：2周，共6课时 Content 8.1 introductions Teaching Outline: Separation and classification, recovery 8.2 Precipitation Teaching Outline: Inorganic precipitate, organic precipitate; separation and enrichment of co-precipitation 8.3 Liquid-liquid extraction Teaching Outline: Essence of extraction, distribution constant and distribution ratio; efficiency of extraction, classification of extraction; requirements 8.4 Ion-exchange for separation Teaching Outline: ion-exchange resin, properties and ion-exchange reactions; affinity; operations in ion-exchange; ion-exchange chromatography 8.5 chromatographic methods Teaching Outline: Principle on chromatographic separation, classification; paper, thin-layer and column chromatography 8.6 other techniques for separation Problems 1. List at least three methods for separation based on the differences on sizes. 2. Why continuous extraction is more powerful as compared with regular one? 3. How does a TLC work? Chapter 9 introduction on Electrochemical Analysis 课时：1周，共4课时 Content Teaching Outline: Classification of electrochemical methods, their applications Electrochemical cells, potential, classification of cells, Cottrell equation, Faradys law Introduction on conductivity analysis Problems 1. What do static methods and dynamic methods mean in electrochemical analyses? 2. What are the differences between an electrolytical cell and a galvanic cell? Chapter 10 Pontentiometry 课时：2周，共6课时 Content 10.1 Basic principles Teaching Outline: Electrode potential and its relation with concentration, calomel electrode, electrodes of the first, second and third kind 10.2 ion-selective electrodes Teaching Outline: Glass electrode, single crystal electrode, polycrystalline or mixed crystal electrode, membrane electrode, membrane potentials and boundary potentials; Nernst equation; selectivity coefficients 10.3 Application of ion-selective electrodes Teaching Outline: Method for the detection of ion activity; definition and measurement of pH 10.4 Potentiometric titrations Teaching Outline: Types of potentiometric titration, working electrode; automatic potentiometric titrator Problems 1. What is a potentiometric titration? What are differences between a potentiometric titration and a regular one? 2. What do SHE and SCE mean in electrochemical analysis? Which one is more popular in these two? Chapter 11 Coulometry 课时：1周，共3课时 Content 11.1 Basic principles Teaching Outline: Applied potential and overpontential, influence of the solution component on electrolysis potential 11.2 Electricity gravimetric method Teaching Outline: Potentiostats; requirement for a quantitative electrolysis; application of Electricity gravimetric method 11.3 Coulometry Teaching Outline: Faradys law, controlled-potential Coulometry; controlled-potential Coulometric titration; Automatic Coulometer Problems 1. What does coulometric titration mean? 2. What does electrogravimetry mean? Chapter 12 Polarography and Voltammetry 课时：2周，共6课时 Content 12.1 basic principles Teaching Outline: Basic process of polarography and the setup; dropping mercury electrodes and solid electrodes; E-i curve; 12.2 Polarographic current Teaching Outline: Diffusion current and diffusion current equation; half-wave potential 12.3 Application of polarography Teaching Outline: quantitative and qualitative method for polarography, application of polarography