《分析化学（下）》教学大纲（英文版）.docx

分析化学（下）教学大纲（英文版）-正文内容开始- Analytical Chemistry Part IICourse Syllabus Course Code：09041036 Course Category：Major Basic Majors：Chemistry Semester：Spring Total Hours：72 Hours Credit：3 Lecture Hours：72 Hours Textbooks： Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Cengage Learning, 2022, 6th edition References Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchFundamentals of Analytical ChemistryBrooks Cole; 8 edition (August 7, 2022) Gary D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, Wiley; 6 edition (March 14, 2022) Robert Kellner, Jean-Michel Mermet, Matthias Otto, Miguel Valcarcel, H. Michael Widmer Analytical Chemistry: A Modern Approach to Analytical Science, Wiley-VCH; 2 edition (October 8, 2022) David T. Harvey, Modern Analytical Chemistry, McDraw-Hill, 1999 1st edition Daniel C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, W. H. Freeman, 2022, 9th edition Teaching Aim Analytical chemistry is a discipline that studies and uses instruments and methods to separate, identify, and quantify matter. In practice separation, identification or quantification may constitute the entire analysis or be combined with another method. Separation isolates analytes. Qualitative analysis identifies analytes, while quantitative analysis determines the numerical amount or concentration. Taking this course, the students will develop the basic concepts of quantity in chemistry, and will get a systematic knowledge on the four basic chemical equilibriums and their applications for analyses, such as for titrimetric and gravimetric analyses, working principles of typical analytical instruments, their applicability over different forms of species. Through this course and related training, the students could also develop the ability of resolving related practical problems with suitable analytical strategies and technologies. Chapter 13 Introduction on chromatography 课时：2周，共6课时 Content 13.1 chromatographic methods and classification Teaching Outline: History and development; stationary phase and mobile phase; classification; 13.2 chromatogram and Nomenclature Teaching Outline: Basic concepts, baseline, dead time, retention time, retention volume, adjusted values, peak width; information obtained from a chromatogram 13.3 basic principles for chromatography Teaching Outline: Distribution process and distribution constant; capacity factor/retention factor; selectivity factors; related retention value; basic retention equation; plate theory, plate number and plate height; rate theory; separation resolution; basic separation equation Problems 1. What do retention factor and selectivity factor mean in chromatography? 2. How to evaluate the theoretical plate number of a specific chromatographic column? 3. One stated that high theoretical plate number will lead to complete separation of a pair of species, is that correct? Try explain. Chapter 14 Gas Chromatography 课时：2周，共6课时 Content 14.1 Instrumentation of gas chromatography Teaching Outline: The construction, four subsystems: carrier gas, sample injection system, columns and temperature control system; temperature programming 14.2 detectors for gas chromatography Teaching Outline: ideal properties of a good detector; thermal conductivity detector; flame ionization detector; electrode capture detector and flame photometery detector, their properties and applications 14.3 packed column gas chromatography Teaching Outline: Classification of stationary phase; Kovats constants; McReynolds constants; widely used stationary phases; bonded and cross-linked stationary phases; basic principle for chiral separation; 14.4 open tubular chromatography Teaching Outline: The advantages and disadvantages of open tubular columns; classification of open tubular columns; wall-coated open tubular column and porous-layer open tubular column; comparison with packed columns 14.5 qualitative and quantitative analysis Teaching Outline: Qualitative analysis, by retention value, GC-MS; quantitative analysis, peak area, internal standard; standard calibration curve 14.6 application of gas chromatography Teaching Outline: Some examples of the application Problems 1. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of different types of detectors in gas chromatography. 2. Why are open tubular columns so popular in gas chromatography as compared with packed ones? 3. What is a gas-solid chromatography? 4. How to evaluate the stationary phase of a gas-liquid chromatography? Chapter 15 High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Supercritical Fluidic Chromatography 课时：2周，共8课时 Content 15.1 mobile Teaching Outline: Effect of particle size of packing; requirement on mobile phases 15.2 instrumentation of liquid chromatography Teaching Outline: Construction of the instrument; commonly used detectors, ultraviolet detector, fluorescence detector, refractive index detector and electrochemical detector 15.3 liquid-solid chromatography Teaching Outline: The basic principles; commonly used stationary phase and mobile phase; 15.4 bonded-phase chromatography Teaching Outline: Preparations of bonded-phase columns; Normal- and reverse-phase packing, properties and applications; 15.5 ion-exchange chromatography Teaching Outline: Basic principle of ion-exchange chromatography; stationary phase and mobile phase; the instrumentation and the process; 15.6 size-exclusion chromatography Teaching Outline: Basic principle of size-exclusion chromatography; gel filtration chromatography and gel permeation chromatography; the stationary and mobile phase; 15.7 supercritical fluid chromatography Teaching Outline: Basic principle of supercritical fluid chromatography; the instrumentation; stationary and mobile phases; commonly used detectors for SFC; applications Problems 1. Why are HPLCs advantageous over traditional low pressure liquid chromatography? 2. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of different types of detectors in HPLCs. 3. How does a size-exclusion chromatography work? 4. What is a reverse-phased liquid chromatography? Explain its popularity. 5. What is a supercritical fluid chromatography? Chapter 16 introduction on spectroscopy 课时：2周，共6课时 16.1 basic of electromagnetic radiation Teaching Outline: Wave properties of electromagnetic radiation; electromagnetic spectrum; quantum-mechanical properties of radiation and photoelectric effect; 16.2 interactions of matter and light Teaching Outline: Absorption, emission, scattering, refraction, reflection and diffraction; 16.3 Spectroscopic method Teaching Outline: Absorption and emission spectroscopy; instrumentation for spectroscopy; source of radiation, continuum sources, line sources and laser sources; wave length selectors, filters, prism and grating monochromators, monochromator slits; radiation transducers; barrier-layer photovoltaic cells, vacuum phototubes, photomultiplier tubes; multichannel phototransducers,photodiode arrays, charge-coupled devices, charge-transfer devices; thermal transducers, thermal couples and bolometers Problems 1. Name at least two transducers for visible light and infrared radiation detection respectively. 2. How does an absorption-based instrument differ from an emission-based one? 3. How do filters differ from monochromators differ in applications? Chapter 17 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 课时：2周，共8课时 Content 17.1 basic principles of Atomic emission spectroscopy Teaching Outline: Origin of the spectrum; intensity of the spectrum lines; atomic line width; line broadening from the uncertainty effect; the effect of temperature 17.2 AES instrument Teaching Outline: Inductively coupled plasma source, sample introduction, plasma appearance and spectra, analyte atomization and ionization; characteristics of Arc and spark sources; glow-discharge, laser based AES systems, direct plasma and microwave-induced plasma 17.3 Application of AES Teaching Outline: Qualification with AES, quantitative and semi-quantitative detection with AES; Doppler, pressure, electric and magnetic field, self-absorption broadening; self-reversal Problems 1. What does atomization mean? 2. Why internal standards are usually added in atomic emission measurements? 3. How could a solid sample be introduced for atomic emission measurement? 4. What does ICP-AES mean? List its advantages. Chapter 18 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 课时：2周，共8课时 Content 18.1 basic principles of Atomic absorption spectroscopy Teaching Outline: The process of AAS, resonance line and absorption line,; the number of ground atom and temperature of the flame; quantitative analysis with AAS 18.2 instrumentation for AAS Teaching Outline: Primary radiation source, hollow cathode lamp and electrodeless discharge lamp; flame and electrothermal atomizer; the optical dispersive system; detectors and signal measurements 18.3 measurements and interferences Teaching Outline: Quantitative measurements; spectral, chemical, and physical interferences; Zeeman effect 18.4 AAS method and its application Teaching Outline: sensitivity and detection limit; characteristic sensitivity ,characteristic concentration and characteristic mass; standard calibration curve and standard addition; 18.5 atomic fluorescence Teaching Outline: The process of atomic fluorescence, the intensity of atomic fluorescence; atomic fluorometer Problems 1. How does atomic absorption differ from atomic emission in applications? 2. List at least three methods for background correction in atomic absorption measurement. 3. What do ionization suppressor, protecting agent and releasing agent mean, respectively? 4. How does a graphite furnace tube work in an atomic absorption measurement? Chapter 19 Ultraviolet-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy 课时：2周，共6课时 Content 19.1 basic principles of Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy Teaching Outline: the process of Ultraviolet-visible absorbance; the magnitude of molar absorptive molecular absorbing species and electron transition; absorbance of organic compound; absorption by inorganic species; the effect of slit width; detection of functional groups 19.2 Law of absorption Teaching Outline: Lambert-Beers law and absorptivity; apparent deviation from Beers law 19.3 Instrumentation Teaching Outline: Components of the instrument, sources, monochromators, sample containers and photon detectors; types of spectrophotometer, single-beam system, double-beam-in-space and double-beam-in-time spectrometer;diode-array instrument 19.4 application of UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy Teaching Outline: Application in qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; application to absorbing and nonabsorbing species; procedural details, selection of wavelength, variables that influences absorbance; analysis of mixtures of absorbing substances; double-wavelength spectroscopic method; standard addition method; derivative spectroscopy Problems 1. In UV-vis absorption , how to control the slit width for quantitative and qualitative analyses, respectively? 2. List possible reasons for deviation from Beer's law. 3. Give a illustrative diagram of a UV-vis spectrometer. 4. What is the advantage of a double-beam UV-vis spectrometer as compared with a single-beam one? Chapter 20 molecular Luminescence Spectroscopy 课时：1周，共4课时 Content 20.1 molecular fluorescence and phosphorescence Teaching Outline: Theory of fluorescence and phosphorescence; excited states producing fluorescence and phosphorescence, electron spin, single and triplet excited states; energy-level for photoluminescence molecules; deactivation processes, vibrational relaxation, internal conversion, external conversion, intersystem crossing, phosphorescence; quantum yield; transition types in fluorescence; quantum efficiency and transition type, fluorescence and structure, effect of structural rigidity; fluoresce spectra, fluorescence excitation spectra, fluorescence emission spectra and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra; characteristic of fluorescence spectra, Stocks shift; variables affecting fluorescence and phosphorescence; 20.2 fluorescence spectroscopy and application Teaching Outline: Components of fluorometer and spectrofluorometers, sources, filters and monochromators, cells and cell components, detectors; Quantitative detection, relation between fluorescence intensity and concentration; direct and indirect measurements; fluorescence imaging 20.3 phosphorimetric spectroscopy Teaching Outline: Low temperature and room temperature phosphorescence; phosphoremeter and applications 20.4 chemiluminescence analysis Teaching Outline: Principle for chemiluminescence; types of chemiluminescence; measurement of chemiluminescence; application of chemiluminescence Problems 1. How do a fluorescence emission and a fluorescence excitation spectrum differ? 2. Describe the process of generation of fluorescence with a Jabloski diagram. 3. Why does phosphorescence only have a much lower occurrence as compared with fluorescence? Chapter 21 Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy 课时：2周，共8课时 Content 21.1 theory of IR absorption spectrometry Teaching Outline: Dipole moment change during vibrations and rotations; rotation transitions, vibration-rotation transitions; types of molecular vibrations; mechanical model of a stretching vibration in a diatomic molecule; simple harmonic motion and anharmonic oscillator; IR absorption spectra 15.2 IR spectra and molecular structure Teaching Outline: Group frequencies of functional groups; important spectral region in infrared; the fingerprint region; factors affecting group frequencies, adjacent groups, hydrogen bonding, vibration coupling; inductive and conjugated effect; 15.3 instrument for IR spectroscopy Teaching Outline: Dispersive IR spectrometer, source, sample cell, monochromator, detectors; Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer and working mechanism; sample handling and pretreatment 15.4 application of IR spe