fat-facts解析.ppt

According to a congressional study, people in the United States spent $33 billion in 1990 trying to lose weight. Obesity causes or aggravates diseases such as gallstones, diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. Harvard University researchers estimated that medical treatment of obesity and the related diseases cost $45.8 billion the same year. Despite the expenditure of billions of dollars and the painfully sincere efforts of millions of people, more than half of all men and women in the United States remain clinically obese. Obesity is also a problem in most other industrialized countries. Are weight gain and obesity caused by cultural and environmental factors? Are they determined by an individuals genetic inheritance? Or is obesity the result of emotional factors, such as depression or lack of willpower? Scientists and health professionals have discovered new evidence about the causes of obesity. They disagree on the interpretation of this evidence. Doctors have long observed that a tendency to gain weight runs in families. A 43-year study of 400 identical twins reared apart included a study of weight gain. The study attributed most obesity in the twins to genetic factors. Differing family activity levels did not affect the twinsweight gain. Neither did family eating patterns. Other studies show similar results. Obesity seems more closely tied to heredity than to environment. That does not mean that obesity is caused by genetic factors alone, but that genetic factors strongly predispose some individuals to obesity. This study and others like it support an explanation of obesity as a function of a genetic “set point.” According to set-point theory, a persons genes determine his or her preferred weight. The brain adjusts a persons metabolism(mtblz()m ) and eating behavior to maintain weight at a genetically determined level. That level is “normal” weight for that person. The set point may change over a persons lifetime, but it changes in response to genetic triggers, not in response to diet or exercise. The same persons set point may be 140 pounds at age 30 and 155 pounds at age 55. Researchers have identified genetic markers(遗传标记遗传标记 ) that can cause obesity in rodents(rodnts ). They have had less success in identifying these factors in humans. Dr. Rudolph Leibel, a researcher at Rockefeller University, said in a Scientific American interview that the set-point theory does not mean that people cannot lose weight. Instead, “what does characterize the vast majority of humans is that they are very resistant to (对有抵抗力的；耐的 )the maintenance of body weight below whatever normal for them is.” The set point, says Dr. Leibel, is why people find it difficult to maintain weight loss. They are literally fighting against their bodies set points. To maintain weight loss, they must constantly exercise and limit food intake. Researchers have also found that when entire societies become richer, people gain weight. For example, 7,500 residents of a Pacific island became wealthy by selling natural resources. Since they had lots of money, they did not need to work as hard. They adopted more sedentarysed()nt()r (久坐的；坐惯的；定栖的；静坐的 ) lifestyles. They began eating more high-calorie foods. Their rate of obesity skyrocketed(N,V, sharp increase ). Obesity appears to be more prevalent(流流行的；普遍的，广传的行的；普遍的，广传的 ) in industrial nations. In these nations, people tend to eat more and have lower levels of physical activity. Television viewing and gasoline consumption correlate with obesity. This evidence indicates a significant environmental influence on weight gain and obesity. Dr. Leibel says that the evidence on environmental factors does not invalidate set-point theory. He explains that sometimes “the environment just overwhelms whatever this regulatoryrjltri process(regulatory system 调节系统 ) is.” For many people, losing weight seems to set off(引起引起 ) internal alarms, warning of impending(即将发生的；迫切的即将发生的；迫切的 ) starvation. The body responds by slowing the metabolic rate at which energy is used and increasing hunger. Bodies more easily tolerate weight gain. Gaining weight does not set off the same internal alarms. The human organism remains adapted to conditions of scarcity(skest ), even in an age of excess. Other researchers suggest that the set-point theory places too much emphasis on genetic predetermination. They suggest that the idea of a “settling point” for weight is more useful. According to the settling point theory, people maintain weight when their metabolism is in 均衡equilibrium(,ikwlbrm; ,ekw- ) with their environment. Genetic codes set their metabolism to maintain a certain weight. Economic and cultural changes reduce activity levels and increase food intake. This changes the equilibrium between metabolism and environment. Is there a remedy for （补救，解决；对治疗法 ）obesity? Doctors believe that weight-loss programs are largely ineffective. Some recidivism rates run as high as 95 percent. That means that as many as 95 percent of the people who lose weight on a specific program regain the weight within five years. Pharmaceutical(,fmsutk()l; -sju- ) companies predict that they will invent weight-loss drug. They believe that only drugs can effectively circumvent (绕过)the genetic predisposition遗传素质遗传素质 to weight gain. A 1997 paper in the British Medical Journal called for an environmental approach to the pandemic（全国流行的；流行病）（全国流行的；流行病） of obesity as a normal response to an abnormal environment. The abnormal environment is an industrial world that offers more food and requires less physical activity. The paper recommended public health response to obesity. Dr. Robert Whitaker, a Cincinnati researcher, found that obesity in adults could be predicted by the age of adiposity,dpst rebound(回弹回弹). Children tend to become thinner from age one to about age five or six, and then to become fatter again. The age at which a child is thinnest is called the point of adiposity rebound. Children who reached adiposity rebound at a later age were less likely to become obese adults. Whitaker suggested that delaying the age of adiposity rebound might change the risk of adult obesity. As research continues, the prospect of a simple solution or a magic pill to end obesity seems less and less likely. Complex interactions of genetic factors, molecular biology, environmental factors, and individual choices determine an individuals weight. These complex causes will require equally complex solutions.Obesity Synonyms: adiposity, chubbiness, corpulence, embonpoint, fat, fatness, fattiness, fleshiness, grossness, obesity, plumpness, portliness, pudginess, pursiness, rotundity, weight Antonyms: leanness, reediness, slenderness, slimness, svelteness, thinness 1. gain weight: 增加体重。 2. super size person: 超大之人。例如： No more hamburgers, I dont want to be a super size person. 3. heavyset: 体格魁伟的。例如： He was tall and heavyset. 4. nutritionally endowed: 营养丰富的。例如： 5. gravitationally challenged: 受地球引力挑战的。例如： That girl is gravitationally challenged. 6. well-built: 体格健美的，体型匀称的。例如： That girl is well-built. 7. stout 结实的，壮实的。例如： She is getting too stout for her dresses. 8. big-boned: 骨骼粗大的。例如： Im not fat, just big-boned. 9. overweight: 超重的。例如： Overweight in a child should not be neglected. 10. chubby: 胖乎乎的（多指小孩和女子）。 例如： The baby has a chubby face. 11. buxom: 体态丰满的。例如： 同样,“瘦”不能说skinny，它是“皮包骨”的意思。要形容一个人苗条应该用slender,slim，或delicate。“减肥”则可以说lose pounds或lose weight。 总之,“胖”和“瘦”是英美人敏感的话题, fat和skinny的使用要十分小心，注意回避。但是有一个例外就是phat(妙，好，酷)，是fat 的异体词，在口语中常常用于赞美美妙的东西,相当于cool。例如： The car is really a phat. backaggravate aggravatevt. 加重；使恶化；激怒加重；使恶化；激怒 intensify Stress and lack of sleep can aggravate the situation. 紧张和缺少睡眠会使情况恶化。 What aggravates you most about this country? 这个国家最让你恼火的是什么？ Dont aggravate me, child! The bad weather aggravated his illness. 坏天气加重了他的病情。Gallstone Some medical and biological terms: Gallstone: glstn a small, painful lump which can develop in a persons gall bladder 胆结石 Diabetes: ,dabitiz disease of the pancreaspkrs which prevents sugar and starch being properly absorbed 糖尿病 High blood pressure: (also known as hypertension) a common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high 高血压 Heart disease: an illness which prevents a persons heart from working normally 心脏病 Obesity: a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems 肥胖, 肥胖症 Metabolism:mtblz()m a chemical process by which food is built up into living matter in an organism or by which living matter is broken down into simpler substances 新陈代谢 Set point: any one of a number of quantities (e.g.: body weight, body temperature) which the body tries to keep at a particular value; the level or point at which a variable physiological state tends to stabilize 设定点；设定值 backHarvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country. Harvards history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world. It has the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world, standing at $274 billion as of September 2010. The university comprises eleven separate academic unitsten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studywith campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area. Harvards 210acre main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3,4 miles northwest of downtown Boston. The business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in Allston and the medical, dental, and public health schools are located in the Longwood Medical Area. As of 2010, Harvard employs about 2,100 faculty to teach and advise, approximately 6,700 undergraduates (Harvard College) and 14,500 graduate and professional students. Eight U.S. Presidents have graduated from Harvard and 75 Nobel Laureates have been affiliated with the university as students, faculty, or staff. Harvard is also the alma mater母校 of 62 living billionaires, the most in the country. The Harvard University Library is the largest academic library in the United States, and the third largest library in the world. Back estimate v. 估计，估价估计，估价 n. 估计，估价；判断，看法估计，估价；判断，看法 estimate for 对估价、估计 cost estimate 成本估算，成本估计 rough estimate 粗略的估计，粗算 conservative estimate 审慎估计，保守估计 Try to estimate how many steps it will take to get to a close object. 估计一下需要多少步才能到达一个近距目标。 例：I estimate that total cost for treatment will go from $9,000 to $12,500. 我估计治疗费总额将在9千美元到1.25万美元之间。 back disagree on disagree with 不同意；不一致；不适合 disagree on 对持有不同看法 agree to disagree 消除分歧，求同存异；同意各自保留不同意见 disagree about(over,) 在方面意见不统一；对意见不一 vi.不同意；不一致；争执；不适宜conflict, to disapprove of 词根：disagree adj. disagreeable 不愉快的；厌恶的；不为人喜的；难相处的；脾气坏的 adv. disagreeably 不合口味地；不愉快地 n. disagreement 不一致；争论；意见不同 The conclusions disagree with the facts. 这些结论与事实不符。 She seemed to disagree with this decision. 她似乎不同意这个决定。 The two friends disagreed violently and parted company. 两个朋友激烈争吵后分手了。 Cold weather disagrees with her. 寒冷天气对她不适宜。 backFat facts How much is too much body fat? It is generally accepted that men should have less than 18% total body fat and women less than 23% and that an excess is not particularly hazardous to health until levels reach 35% and 40% total body fat respectively. So what is percent body fat? Percent body fat is the percentage of the total body that is fat. Thus someone who weighs 150 pounds and is 10% fat has 15 pounds of fatty tissue. Where does body fat come from? Fat is produced by the body when the diet provides the body with more calories than it needs for general maintenance and its current level of physical activity. How do I lose excess fat? The removal of excess fat is achieved by consuming less calories than the body requires. The bodys fat stores will be broken down to address the deficit. How does exercise affect body fat? An increase in regular exercise will help to increase your calorie expenditure. The more physical activity you do the more calories you will burn. Accordingly, if you increase your physical activity, and do not increase your intake of food, you will draw the extra energy needed from your stored body fat. Can I get fat off from a specific part of the body? The simple answer is no. If you exercise a particular part of the body, muscle tissue under the fat will become firm and make the overall appearance of that region look better. However, such specific exercise will not reduce the quantity of fat within the area. Simply by jogging you will not just reduce the fat around the legs and hips, the fat providing energy for this activity may be coming from the stomach, chin, back etc. How many calories will it take to lose one pound of fat? For long term weight loss you need to expend approximately 4000 calories to lose one pound of fat. Why do gains in weight always seem to go on the same place? The body tends to deposit fat according to your individual genetic code. Females will accumulate fat around their thighs and hips, males around the midriff. Can I sweat off excess weight in a steam room or sauna? The loss of weight through excess sweating as experienced in the sauna/steam room is not fat but water. Such weight returns immediately you consume fluid. Consequently if you lose say two and a half pounds in a session in the steam bath you will replace it with approximately the next two pints of water drunk (one pint of water weighs a pound and a quarter). However and obviously more worrying is that if the fluid loss is replaced by a high calorie drink you may end up gaining fats because of your weight loss attempt. What are Essential Fat and Storage Fat? Essential fat, required for normal physiological functioning, consists of fat stored in the marrow骨髓 of bones, heart, lungs, liver, spleen脾脏 , kidneys肾脏 , intestines肠 , muscles and lipid rich tissues of the central nervous system. In females, the extra 9% of fat is required for childbearing and other hormonal related functions. Storage fat consists of fat accumulation in adipose tissue脂肪组织 . Men and women have similar quantities of storage fat - on average 12% for men and 15% for women. back identical twins Identical twins同卵双胞胎同卵双胞胎 fraternal twins 异卵双胞胎 Identical 完全相同的 Theyre wearing identical clothes. 他们穿着完全相同的衣服 Be identical with/to backreared Rear vt. 培养；树立；栽种 adv. 向后；在后面 adj. 后方的；后面的；背面的 n. 后面；屁股；后方部队 Rear door 后门 Rear mirror 后视镜 Rear area 后方区域 She reared sixteen children, six her own and ten her husbands (抚养) She spends a lot of time rearing animals （饲养） They reared a monument to commemorate the great musician.（树立，建立） Back attribute Attribute to 1. 多亏；把(某事物)归因于(或归功于)；认为是的结果： She attributes her great age to carefully planned diet. 她认为她的高寿是精心安排饮食的结果。 2. 认为是所有(或所作)： to at