Non-Finite-Verbs非限定动词、非谓语动词.ppt

Non-Finite Verbs非限定动词又称非谓语动词? Questions ?l为什么称为非限定动词？ 不受主语的人称和数的限制 l为什么称为非谓语动词？ 不能单独作谓语l有几种形式？ 不定式（infinitive） 动名词（gerund） 现在分词（present participle） 分词（participle） 过去分词（past participle） ? Questions ?l可作什么句法成分？主语宾语定语补语状语不定式+动名词+-分词-+Exercise & ExplanationlGap-Filling: _ (try) to forget ones past is impossible (Trying/ To try)u动名词和不定式都可充当句子的主语。在多数情况下，选择动名词还是不定式作主语对句意影响不大。抽象，有普遍意义的或概念化的动作常用动名词。u有些动名词已几乎成为了表示动作的名词，如：reading，writing，swimming，smoking，jogging，learning，cooking。lTrue or False: A. It is impossible to try to forget ones past B. It is impossible trying to forget ones past (A. True B. False)u句型：It is (im-)possible to do sth.lOF or FOR A. Its difficult _ us to get together . B. Its thoughtful _ your mother to get the food ready A. for B. ofu句型：It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth. 这类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, impossible, possible, necessary, important, essential, easy, useless, convenientu句型：It is + adj. + of sb. to do sth. 表示一个人的特性而不是动作本身的性质，用of引导不定式的逻辑主语，这类形容词包括：good, kind, clever, foolish, stupid, silly, careless, nice, polite, right, bad, wrong, cruel, generous, unselfish, thoughtful, considerate, wise等。E.g. Its very kind of you to come to see me. = You are very kind to come to see me. Its clever of this policeman to pretend to be a driverExercise & ExplanationlSentence Completion A. It is no use _ (ask) me for help. B. It is of no use _ (cry) over spilt milk.A. asking B. to cryu句型：It is no use + doing (sth.) Its no use (good)后接动名词，表示“是没有用的” Its not much good worrying for nothing. u句型：It is of no use + to do (sth.)Exercise & ExplanationlTrue or False? The boy sings delighted his parents Falseu 动名词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，须用所有格表示： The boys singing delighted his parentsl比较： A. He insisted on paying the money B. He insisted on my paying the money A. 他坚持付钱。和主句主语相同 B. (他坚持要我付钱。) 和主句主语不同，须用所有格my表示付钱的人lTranslation C. 约翰缺席带给我很多的麻烦。 _ gave me a lot of trouble D. 他很有钱是事实。 _ is true E. 我不喜欢他们说别人的坏话。 I dont like _ ill of others. F. 我很高兴考完试了。I am glad of _C. Johns being absent D. His being rich E. their (them) speaking F. the examination being overu动名词复合结构当主语时，必须用所有格；但当宾语时可用所有格或宾格 动名词的逻辑主语是无生命事物时，不必用所有格，用“主格”即可 Exercise & ExplanationlSentence Completion A. My assignment is _ (write) a report on our experiment B. Her job is _ (wait) on tables (当服务员)。A. to write B. waiting不定式表示相对具体的动作或行为，而动名次表示相对抽象、普遍或经常性的情况lSentence Completion A. What you must do today is _ (find out) who was involvedB. The only thing I did yesterday was _ (finish) my essayC. The best way _ (memorize) new words is to learn to use themD. My decision is for them _ (undertake) the projectA. (to) find out B. (to) finish C. to memorize D. to undertake 以上句式中经常用不定式A、B两种情况中，to也可省略，条件是主句中有实义动词do出现做谓语。 补语l不定式、动名词和分词都能充当表语（主语补语），难点是现在分词与过去分词之分。l分词作表语时具有形容词性质，说明主语的状态或特点。l分词作表语主要限于表示人内心活动的词，也就是情感、情绪、感觉之类的词， 主要有：please，delight，surprise，shock(震惊)，astonish(惊讶)，disappoint，touch(感动)，move，encourage，discourage，tire(累)，exhaust(使人疲倦)，bore(使人心烦)，puzzle(困惑)，confuse，worry，excite，frighten(使害怕)，scare，terrify，amuse，amaze(使惊讶)，comfort，relax，refresh，relieve，hurt，irritate(使生气)，interest，fascinate。这些词均为及物动词。 English is interesting to me. I was tired.lSentence CompletionlYour result of the test is _(disappoint). lIm _ (disappoint) with your study. lThe girl was too _ (frighten) to movelThe scene of the accident was _ (frighten). A. disappointing(令人失望) B. disappointed(对你的成绩表示失望) C. frightened D. frightening现在分词与过去分词的区别在于前者表示“给人的感觉使人感到”而后者表示主语本身的感受。所以主语肯定是有生命的。公式是： 主语的感觉用ed，主语给别人的感觉用ing。 l动名词(gerund)? 分词(participle)? A. a sleeping car B. a sleeping baby C. a visiting card D. a visiting professorA. gerund: a car for sleeping B. participle: a baby who is sleeping C. gerund: a car for visiting D. participle: a professor who is visiting(客座教授)动名词表示“用途或目的”，a washing machinea writing brush(毛笔)，a dining hall，a swimming pool 分词表示“动作或状态”。Exercise & ExplanationlTranslationa developing countrya developed countryfalling snowflakesfallen leavesthe changing worldthe changed citya moving objecta broken objecta sleeping babya deserted babyfreezing colda frozen riveru 现在分词表示正在进行或主动的动作u 过去分词表示完成或被动的动作 lChoice A. birds (to fly, flying) above the forest B. a nation (to belong, belonging, belonged) to Asia C. children (playing, played) games outside D. a game (playing, played) worldwideA. Flying (正在进行) B. Belonging (主动的性质) C. Playing (主动) D. played (被动)lSentence CompletionE. a hospital _ (重建之中的医院)F. the hospital _ last year (去年建的医院)G. the hospital _ next year (明年建的医院)H. workers _ this hospital (医院的建设者)E. being rebuilt F. built G. to be built H. buildingu 考试的难点在于分词词组和不定式作定语。u充当定语的现在分词词组表示正在进行某种活动或主动的性质，分词被动式表示一个正在进行的被动动作u过去分词表示完成或被动，u不定式的定语用途之一是表示要进行的动作。 lSentence CompletionA. There is hardly anything _ (do)B. She has nothing _ (do) all dayC. The first person _ (taste) crabs is thought to be brave A. to do B. to do C. to taste 不定式的定语功能还表现在下列场合:u have sth to do(及物动词) there is sth to do (to be done) u first，last和best后 She is always the last to leave the office The best thing for you to do is take it to courtlSentence CompletionA. Failure _ (be) punctual is a sign of disrespect(不遵守时间是对别人不敬)B. We appreciate your effort _ (improve) peoples life(我们赞赏你们为改善人民生活做出的努力)。 A. to be B. to improveu有些动词要求不定式充当其宾语，这些动词的名词形式往往接不定式充当定语。这些词有： hope，wish，failure，aim，determination，decision，refusal，plan，desire，urge，impulse， compulsion，choice，endeavor(努力)，demand，expectation，permission，tendency，inclination(倾向)，其它类名词有：willingness(愿意)，reluctance(不愿意)，effort(努力)，attempt(尝试)，ability，power(能力)，freedomExercise & ExplanationlGap-FillingA. Cancer is not easy _ (cure).B. She is easy _ (talk).C. This house is comfortable _ (live)D. This boss is hard _ (get along).E. English is difficult for me _ (learn)A. to cure B. to talk to C. to live in D. to get along with E. to learn (但不能说：Im difficult to learn English. )u不定式作定语时，若主语与动词有动宾关系（所修饰的词为其逻辑宾语时），必须是及物动词，不及物动词要接相应的介词。lGap-FillingA. She is willing _ (look after) my daughter during my absenceB. This team is likely (unlikely) _ (defeat) its rivalC. They are certain _ (win) the gameA. to look after B. to defeat C. to winu有些形容词必须接不定式结构，可作为句型来记: adj. + to do sthD. Im sorry _ (give) you trouble.E. She cant be more anxious _ (know) what happened to her husbandD. to give E. to knowu这些句子中的不定式有自己的宾语，其它用于此句式的形容词有上述表达感觉的过去分词，如：surprised，pleased， 还有sorry，happy，lucky，ashamed，proud，anxious，eager，afraid，curious，hesitant等表示情感或心情的词。 宾语lGap-FillingA. I didnt expect _ (meet) you hereB. The young tend _ (be) more open-mindedC. Dont pretend _ (know) when you dontD. Later，he decided _ (apologize) to her for his rudeness A. to meet B. to be C. to know D. to apologize uV + to do句式u要求不定式充当宾语的词主要有： aim，intend，tend，agree，afford，fail，plan，decide，hesitate，hope，wish，promise，volunteer(自愿)，learn，manage，choose，want，determine (resolve)(决心)，expect，long (渴望)，refuse，decline，endeavor，seek，pretendlGap-FillingA. I enjoy _ (work) with those who are humorousB. Would you mind (explain) it again?C. They are not on good terms，so they try to avoid _ (meet) each otherD. Have you finished _ (read) this novel?A. working B. explaining C. meeting D. readinguV + doing句式u必须接动名词的动词包括：admit，anticipate(预料)，appreciate(感谢，赞赏)，avoid，consider，delay，deny(否定)，dislike，enjoy，escape，finish，forgive，keep，mind，postpone，practise(练习)，suggest，risk，cant help，stand (tolerate)(忍受)，feel likeu有些带to的词组中to是介词，小心出错；不能用动词原形。be (get) used to doing(习惯于)，be accustomed to(习惯于)，prefer sth to sth，be devoted to，be opposed to，object to，take to(喜欢上)，look forward to(盼望)，give up oneself to，be reduced to(沦为)，put ones mind tol下列词接不定式和动名词意义相同： prefer，continue，like，love，hate，start，begin，propose，lGap-FillingA1. I tried _ (get up), only to fall again. (试图站起来)。A2. She doesnt understand English. Try _ (speak) French to her(英语不懂，用法语试试)。B1. I regret _ (say) that you failed againB2. I regret _ (say) something nasty to her(后悔说了些难听话)。C1. I meant _ (say) something nice for you, but in vain.C2. Wasting time means _ (commit) suicide (浪费时间意味着自杀)。A1. to get up A2. speaking B1. to say B2. sayingC1. to say C2. committing有些词接不定式或动名词意义不同： try to do (试图，努力做什么)try doing (做尝试，看是否奏效)。regret to do (遗憾地说、通知或告诉某人)regret doing (后悔以前的言行)mean to do (意图是) mean doing (意味着)remember doing (having done)记得以前做过什么remember to do (记住要做什么) = not to forget to doforget to do (忘了做什么，此事没做) forget doing (记不清是否做过)Exercise & ExplanationlGap-Filling A. This shirt needs _ (wash).B. I need _ (wash) this shirtA. washing (to be washed)(被动) B. to wash(主动)u need很特殊，被动意义时动名词用主动式，而不定式要用被动式。lGap-FillingA. Please allow me _ (introduce) myselfB. You have to force yourself _ (give up) smokingC. God advised him _ (get) busyD. We were warned _ (go) out at nightA. to introduce B. to give up C. to get D. not to go uV + sb (sth) to do 此类动词主要有：allow，forbid(禁止)，permit(允许)，teach，allow，ask，compel(迫使)，force，oblige(强迫)，expect，persuade(说服)，advise(劝)，incite，cause，enable(使能)，get，urge，encourage，order，warn，showl用不定式结构改写下列从句： A. He didnt tell me how he should cook fishB Let me show you how we should operate this machine. A. He didnt tell me how to cook fish B Let me show you how to operate this machine. u句型：S + V +（宾语）+ 疑问词 + to 不定式 lTranslationC. Sam is learning _.（正在学开车）D. _ is a difficult problem.（何时转弯）E. Another problem is _.（何处停车）C. how to drive a car （作宾语） D. When to turn the corner（作主语） E. where to stop the car（作表语/补语）u疑问词 + to不定式 = 名词短语。因含有名词的性质，可以作主语、宾语或表语。lGap-FillingA. Did you see anybody _ (take) my dictionary away? B. Each time I looked up，I found him _ (smile)C. They were shocked to find their house _ (break) inA. take B. smiling C. brokenuV + sb. do, V + sb. doing, V + sth done 感官动词用于上述三种结构。但意义不同，感官动词包括：feelfindsee，hear，watch，observe，listen to，noticesee sb. dosee sb. doing和see sthdone的区别在于： 看到动作整个过程(do往往是非延续性动词，如：open，stand up，leave，come in，go out，close，fall，get on)。或不强调某人正在干什么，用动词原形： 发现或看到某人正在干什么，用现在分词(动词往往是延续性的)： 被动的，已完成的动作用过去分词表示：D. Suddenly she felt someone _ (pat) her on the shoulderE. I can hear someone _ (sing) next door F. Ive never heard any English _ (speak). D. pat E. singing F. spokenlGap-FillingA. Some people made them _ (tell) lies.B. They were made _ (tell) liesC. She left the child _ (cry) (让孩子一个劲哭).D. The teacher wanted the room _ (clean)(希望有人打扫房间).A. tell B. to tell C. crying D. cleanedu适用于V + sbdo的其它动词有： make，let，help谓语动词被动时要用to。u适用于V + sbdoing的其它动词有： keep(使一直)，leave(使处于状态)，send (使突然开始)，set (sbthinking)，start，catch (sbcheating)smell 例如：keep sbwaiting(让某人久等)，send sbrunning away(使某人跑开)，smell sthburning(闻着糊味)。start the clock going(让表走)u用于V + sb done句型的其它动词有：make，get，want， 例如：make myself understood(使别人理解我)，make these changes felt(使别人感觉到变化)，get sthdone(把某事完成)。 但leave经常与否定的过去分词连用：leave the job unfinishedl“have这个词需要特别注意。请看下列句子：l l have a letter to writel The nurse had the children go to bed earlyl The scientist had his discoveries reported in many magazinesl In three years time I had the land producing good cropsl Im going to have this paper translated 这些句子说明have的宾语情况复杂。 第一句to write为定语，类似have nothing to do； 第二句中的have(意为cause)接不带to的不定式意为“使干什么”； 在第三句中have的意义为“遭受，经历”如：have ones own head cut off，have my purse stolen，have my foot hurt； 与第5句不同，此时have的意义为“使被”，也就是“请别人干”； 第四句中的用法不常见。意义为“处于状态”动作为主动。 lGap-Filling A. All these variations make it difficult for a foreign student _ (know) exactly how to behave 这些差异使留学生很难确切知道该怎样行为。B. His few material possessions make it possible for him _ (move) from place to place with ease(不能说make him possible) 他拥有物很少，这使他有可能轻易地到处流浪。C. We think it necessary for you _ (talk) the matter over with her 我们觉得你有必要与她商谈此事。A. to know B. to move C. to talku典型句型：find (think, feel, deem, make) it + 形容词 + for sbto do 用于此结构的形容词主要是：hard，easy，difficult，possible，impossible，necessary典型句型l在下列结构中，介词in在-ing前可以省略。lbe busy doinglspend (waste，pass) ones time doinglhave (find) some difficulty (trouble) doinglhave a good (hard) time doinglThere is no (point，sense) doing(没用) lGap-FillingA. _ (look) up from the book，she saw other students looking at herB. _ (read) Readers Digest，she kept thinking of her own lifeC. _ (work) in this department for over ten years, this doctor has made many friendsD. _ (heat) to 100，water will boilA. Looking (先抬头，后看到别人，两个动作，先发生的用分词，特点是第一个动作瞬间完成，第二个动作紧跟，分词不必用完成时)B. Reading(边读边想，同时)C. Having worked (完成时表示的动作先于主句动作，而且有次数，时间长度或数量词出现。如果用状语从句要用完成时，分词肯定要用完成时)D. Heated (水要被加热，而且用状语从句表示要用一般时，所以前面不要加being，过去分词本身表示被动)u分词充当状语情况也比较复杂，涉及现在分词和过去分词，分词被动式，也涉及分词一般时和完成时之分。 状语l填空并说明分词结构用作何种状语A. The sheep and rabbit were playing on the grass，_ (not, know) a wolf was coming towards themB. _ (not, hear) from his parents for almost a month, he is beginning to feel worriedC. The Palace Museum, also _ (know) as the Forbidden City，was built more than 500 years agoD. The little girl went _ (tiptoe) out of the roomE. They came to the office for yet another meeting, _ (think) that a solution would come upF. The students fill every shop, cinema and cafe，_ (make) these places part of the university as well A. not knowing (伴随情况) B. Not having heard (完成时否定，不能把not放在having后面)C. known (过去分词经常用于此结构，有补充说明含意)D. tiptoeing (方式状语)E. thinking(伴随状语，两句之前不能加上and)F. Making (不妨理解为结果状语)注意同一词的四种形式 ！l请指出下列句中分词的含义：A. Translating this book into Chinese，this aged scholar spent many sleepless nightsB. Translated into Chinese last year，this book became an immediate success on the marketC. Having translated this book into Chinese，this aged scholar gave a sigh of relief D. Having been translated into many languages, these fables are known all over the worldA. (译书过程中) B. (被译成汉语) C. (已译完) D. (已译为多种语言)Exercise & ExplanationlTrue or False A. Being seriously ill，he could hardly speak.B. Being seriously ill，doctors decided to give him an operation.C. Looking out of the window，we could see a tall building.D. Looking out of the window，there was a tall building.A. () B. () C. () D. ()u不论分词充当何类状语，一个普通的规律是： 从句的主语要与主句主语一致 也就是说，两个动作是由同一人或物完成。Exercise & ExplanationlTranslationA. 若是天气许可，我们明天要去野餐。 Weather _，we will have a picnic tomorrowB. 夕阳西下了，我们就动身回家。 The sun _, we started for homeC. 因为没有出租车，我们只好走路。 There _ no taxi, we had to walkA. permitting (=If the weather permits，) B. having set (=As the sun had set, ) C. being (=As there was no taxi, )u在分词短语中，分词意义上的主语与主句的主语不同时，就称为独立结构。lTranslationA. He enjoys listening to music with his eyes _. 他喜欢闭着眼睛听音乐。B. He came out of the room with his eyes _ 他走出房间时，眼睛闪着亮光。C. Dont speak with your mouth _ 嘴里吃着东西时不要讲话。D. Mother looked at me with tears _ 母亲含着泪看着我。A. closed B. shilling C. full D. in her eyesu句型：S + V(,) with + O + V-ing / V-ed / adj. / 介词短语 介词with可以引导一个短语，做为附带说明前面句子中主语的状况，这个短语中的动词一律以分词出现，做“with”后面宾语的补语。这种短语中除了分词外，还可以用形容词或介词短语。用分词改写下列句子：lLook out when you cross the street when crossing the streetlWhile he was sitting in class，he fell asleepWhile sitting in class，lNobody can expect to be a musician unless he was trained young unless trained younglCancer is likely to be cured if it is detected early if detected earlylHe stood by the window，as if he was waiting for something , as if waiting for somethinglThough he was seriously wounded，the soldier went on shootingThough seriously wounded，u分词作状语时，有时前面可加上连词，如：while，when，once，if，unless，as if，thoughu但after和before常被看到是介词，用