2022年七年级上英语语法整理 .pdf

Grammar I. 词类 (Parts of Speech) 词类英语名称意义例词名词Noun (n.) 表示人或事物的名称pencil, people, fruit, tennis 冠词Article (art.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a (an), the 代词Pronoun (pron.) 用来代替名词、 形容词或数词we, that, hers, what 形容词Adjective (adj.) 用以修饰名词， 表示人或事物的特征red, happy, difficult, busy 数词Numeral (num.) 表示数量或顺序six, thirteen, first, twentieth 动词Verb (v.) 表示动作或状态be (am, is, are), have, like, go 副词Adverb (adv.) 修饰动词、 形容词或其他副词not, too, always, only, here 介词Preposition (prep) 表示名词、 代词等级和句中其他词的关系in, on, under, of 连词Conjunction (conj.) 用来连接词与词、 短语与短语或句与句and, or, but, because, when 感叹词Interjection (interj.) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感oh, hello, well, please II. 名词(Nouns) 名词是指人或事物的名称。1.总的来说，名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类。专有名词是个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称，如： Gina, China。专有名词是第一个字母要大写。2.名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有复数形式，如：an apple, two apples, a bag, some bags 。不可数名词一般没有复数形式，如：milk, bread, chicken 。3. 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。名词的复数形式的部分规则如下：类别构成方法例词读音名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - 注： 少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，如： man men, woman women, child children, sheep sheep等。类别构成方法例词读音单数名词加s Mikes / maiks/ basketballKate s / keits/ model planeAlice s / ?lisiz/ familyJohn s / d? nz /, / d? :nz / phone number your father s / f :e?(r)z/ birthday Mary s / me?riz/, / meri/friend 与 名 词 复数 词 尾 -s读音相同复数名词不以 -s 结尾加sChildren s / t?ildr ?nz/ Day 以-s 结尾加your grandparents / r?ndpe?r?nts/ , / r?ndper ?nts/ room 读音不变注：以 -s 结尾的单数名词或人名的所有格的构成是在其后加s，所有格读作 /iz/ ，如： the actress s / ?ktr?siz/, James s /d?eimziz/ 。III. 冠词(Articles) 冠词是置于名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词。冠词不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词包括定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词三类。1. 定冠词(the)：the 通常有明确的所指，即以说话人已知的人或事物为前提，可与单数可数名词、复数可数名词及不可数名词放在一起使用。例如：The white model plane is hers. Where are the keys? The milk is on the table. 定冠词 the 在辅音前读 /e?/，在元音前读 /ei/，特别强调时，都读作/ei/或/ei:/。2. 不定冠词(a / an) : a /an 有不确定的意义， 即所说的人或事物对听者或读者来说可能是不知道的，其中an 放在以元音开头的名词前面，如an apple。不定冠词只能与单数可数名词结合，基本含义有 “该类中的一例” 、“只有一个”、“每一个”等。 例如：Do you have volleyball? It s an orange. I take the medicine twice a day. 3. 零冠词：即不使用冠词。一般来说，在复数可数名词、不可数名词或专有名词前不使用冠词。例如：Hamburgers are not healthy. I like ice-cream. My friend is in China. IV. 代词(Pronouns) 一般情况加-s book books /buks / pet pets /pets/ bag bags /b? z/ bed beds /bedz/ key keys /ki:z/ boy boys /b?iz/ 在清辅音后读/s/；在浊 辅 音 和 元 音 后 读/z/；在 /s/，/z/，/?/，/ t?/ ，/d?/等后读 /iz/ 以 s, x, ch, sh 等结尾的词加-es class classes /kl :siz/, /kl?siz/ box boxes /b?ksiz/ , / b :ksiz / watch watches /w?t?iz/, /w :t?iz/ dish dishes /di?iz/ 以辅音字母加y 结尾的词变 y 为 i，再加 -es family families /f?m ?liz/ strawberry strawberries /str?:b?riz/ /str?:beriz/ party parties /p (r)tiz/ 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - 代词，顾名思义，就是用来代替名词或名词短语的词。1. 人称代词(Personal Pronouns) 人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称I me we us 第二人称you you you you 第三人称he him they they she her it it 2. 物主代词(Possessive Pronouns) 物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，置于名词之前做定语。 如： my name, your birthdays, their parents 。名词性物主代词相当于名词，不能用于名词前，说话时要加重语气。如：Is this his green pen? No, it isn t. The blue pen is his. 单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形 容 词 性物主代词my your his her its our your their 名 词 性 物主代词mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 含义我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他 （她，它）们的3. 指示代词 (Demonstrative Pronouns) 表示“这个” 、 “那个”、 “这些”、 “那些”等表示概念的代词叫指示代词。指示代词用法例句this (these) 一般用来指时间或空间上较近的事物Is this your pencil? These are his brothers. These yellow socks are good. that (those) 常用来指时间或空间上较远的事物That dictionary is Helen s.How much is that white bag? Are those your parents? V. 数词(Numerals) 1. 基数词(Cardinal Numbers) 基数词表示数目的多少。one 1 two 2 three 3 four 4 five 5 six 6 seven 7 eight 8 nine 9 ten 10 eleven 11 twelve 12 thirteen 13 fourteen 14 fifteen 15 sixteen 16 seventeen 17 eighteen 18 nineteen 19 twenty 20 twenty-one 21 twenty- two 21 thirty 30 forty 40 fifty 50 sixty 60 seventy 70 eighty 80 ninety 90 one hundred 100 one hundred and one 101 two hundred 200 2. 序数词 (Ordinal Numbers) 序数词表示事物的先后顺序，往往与定冠词the 连用。数人称类别名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - first 1st second 2nd third 3rd fourth 4th fifth 5th sixth 6th seventh 7th eighth 8th ninth 9th tenth 10th eleventh 11th twelfth 12th thirteenth 13th fourteenth 14th fifteenth 15th sixteenth 16th seventeenth 17th eighteenth 18th nineteenth 19th twentieth 20th twenty-first 21st twenty-second 22nd thirtieth 30th fortieth 40th fiftieth 50th sixtieth 60th seventieth 70th eightieth 80th ninetieth 90th one hundredth 100th one hundred and first 101st . 一般现在时（Present Simple Tense）一般现在时表示现在的状态，如：I m twelve. Where s the schoolbag? I have three ping-pong balls and two ping-pong bats. 表示经常的或习惯情的动作，如：“ Where s my schoolbag?” Gina always asks. I don t play sports-I only watch them on TV. 表示主语具备的性格和能力等，如：Bill likes beef, but he doesn t like chicken. 谓语动词在一般现在时中的使用情况如下：1. 动词 be(Verb to be) 连系动词是表示谓语关系的动词，它的后面必须加表语（通常为名词、形容词或介词短语） 。在一般现在时中，be 动词有三种形式：am（用在第一人称单数，即I 后） ，is（用在第三人称单数，即he，she，it 后） ，are（用在第二人称you 以及第一、三人称复数we，they后） 。含有 be 动词的一般现在时的疑问句是将be 动词提到句首，否定句是在be 动词后加not，见下表：肯定式否定式I am You are He/She/It is We/You/They are I am not You are not He/She/It is not We/You/They are not疑问式和简略答语Am I ? Yes, you are. No, you are not. Are we ? Yes, we/you are. No, we/you are not. Are you ? Yes, I am. No, I am not. Are you ? Yes, we are. No, we are not. Is he (she, it) ? Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it is not. Are they ? Yes, they are. No, they are not. 在口语中经常使用的缩略形式：肯定式否定式其他I m = I am youre = you are he s = he is she s = she is it s = it is we re = we are they re = they are aren t = are not isn t = is not that s = that is what s = what is who s = who is who re = who are where s = where is my name s = my name is 2. 实义动词do(Verb to do) 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - 实义动词是表示动作和状态的词。英语动词是词类中最复杂的一种，谓语动词的人称和数必须与主语保持一致。此外，它们还有时态、语态、语气等变化。在一般现在时中，除第三人称单数外， 谓语动词用原形，主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词要做相应变化。含有实义动词的一般现在时的疑问句、否定句中要借助动词do 或 does。详见下表：肯定式否定式I like oranges. You like oranges. He/She likes oranges. We/You/They like oranges. I do not (don t) like oranges. You do not (don t) like oranges. He/She does not (doesn t) like oranges. We/You/They do not (don t) like oranges. 疑问式和简略答语Do I like oranges? Yes, you do. No, you do not ( dont). Do we like oranges? Yes, we/you do. No, we/you don t. Do you like oranges? Yes, I do. No, I do not (don t). Do you like oranges? Yes, we do. No, we don t. Does he/she like oranges? Yes, he/she does. No, he/she does not (doesn t). Do they like oranges? Yes, they do. No, they don t. in English of: a photo of my family the name of my dog on: on the table on your head on January fifth on Saturday on TV under: under the desk under your bed with: play with our friends. 句子种类 (Sentence Types) ( ) 种类用途例句陈述句用来说明事实或说话人的看法My name is Jenny Green. I like him because he always plays games with us. Hamburgers are not healthy. I think history is interesting. 疑问句用来提出问题Are you Jenny? Do you like ice-cream? How much are those yellow socks? When is your mother s birthday? 祈使句用来表示请求、 命令、劝告、 建议等Spell it, please. Come and buy your clothes at our great sale! Let s play basketball. Please come next week. 感叹句用来表达强烈的感情Have a good day, Jane! What a fine day it is! How clean the classroom is! 陈述句分肯定结构和否定结构，肯定结构的谓语动词不含否定词，否定结构在be 动词、助动词或情态动词后加not，常用缩略形式。陈述句句末用句号。名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - 疑问句包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、附加疑问句等。其中一般疑问句和特殊疑问句见下一个条目的解释，其他疑问句在后面的册次将会学到。疑问句末尾用问号。祈使句结构与陈述句一样，但主语常省略， 谓语动词用原形。祈使句的否定结构用加动词原形形式，句末用句号或感叹号。感叹句句末常用感叹号。陈述句句末加感叹号，朗读时加强语气即可构成感叹句。感叹词 what 和 how 及其所修饰的词放在句首也可构成感叹句。疑问句 (Questions) 1. 一般疑问句 (Yes/No Questions) 一般疑问句是在句子中用提问的方式提供一些信息，要求对方用Yes 或 No 回答的疑问句。在答语中通常重复问句里的be 动词、助动词或情态动词，完全否定时口语中通常使用缩略词，如： aren t，doesn t。例句如下：Is this your pencil? Yes, it is./No, it isn t. Do you have a soccer ball? Yes, I do./No, I don t. Do you like bananas? Yes, I do./No, I don t. 当然，一般疑问句的回答有时可以省去Yes 或 No，或者补充更多信息，例句：Do you like salad? Yes, I really like it. Do you have a tennis ball, Jane? Sorry, I don t. 2. 特殊疑问句 (Wh-Questions) 特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开始的以寻求信息的疑问句。常见的特殊疑问词包括：what（什么），who（谁），where（在哪里），when（何时），why（为什么），how（如何）等。例句如下：What s your name? My name s Alan. What s your favorite subject? My favorite subject is P.E. Who re they? They re my grandparents. Who s your P.E. teacher? Mr. Hu. Where are my books? They re on the sofa. When is your birthday, Linda? It s on October 2nd. When is Alice s birthday party? I t s on September 5th. When is the class? On Monday and Wednesday. Why do you like P.E.? Because it s fun. 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - How much is this T-shirt? It s seven dollars. How old are you? I m thirteen. 在特殊疑问句中，疑问词与后面的be 动词或助动词常用缩略形式，如：what s, where s。特殊疑问句既可以使用完整答语，其中名词常用代词替代，也可以只回答提问部分，例如：What s your phone number? It s 587-6275. How much are they? Thirty-nine dollars. 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - -