时态和虚拟课件.ppt

英语的时态英语的时态,语态和语气语态和语气.时态时态: 十六种时态十六种时态 一一 般般 进进 行行 完完 成成 完成进行完成进行现现在在过过去去将将来来过过去去将将来来workwork worksis am workingare have worked has have been has working worked was working werehad worked had been working will work shall will be working shall will have shall worked will have been shall working would work should would be should working would have should workedwould have beenshould working1. 一般现在时的用法一般现在时的用法1）表示经常性，习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态，特征）表示经常性，习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态，特征 和真理。句中常用和真理。句中常用often, usually, every day等时间状语，等时间状语，例如：例如： He goes to school every day.（经常性动作）（经常性动作）He is very happy. （现在的状态）（现在的状态）The earth moves around the sun.（真理）（真理）2）在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时）在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时 表示将来，例如：表示将来，例如：If you come this afternoon, well have a meeting.When I graduate, Ill go to the countryside.3）有时这个时态表示按计划，规定要发生的动作。）有时这个时态表示按计划，规定要发生的动作。（句中都带有时间状语词）但仅限于少数动词，如：（句中都带有时间状语词）但仅限于少数动词，如：begincome, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等，等，例如：例如：The meeting begins at seven.The train starts at nine in the morning.4）表示状态和感觉的动词。如）表示状态和感觉的动词。如be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound等常用一般现在时。例如：等常用一般现在时。例如：I like English very much.The story sounds interesting.5）书报的标题，小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。）书报的标题，小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。 2. 一般过去时的用法一般过去时的用法1）表示过去某时发生的事，存在的状态或过去反复发生）表示过去某时发生的事，存在的状态或过去反复发生 的动作。的动作。 He saw Mr.Wang yesterday. He worked in a factory in 1986.2）表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用）表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to”和和 “would+动词原形动词原形”。例如：。例如： I used to smoke. During the vacation I would swim in the sea. 注意：注意：used to表示过去常发生而现在不发生的动作或表示过去常发生而现在不发生的动作或 存在的状态。另外存在的状态。另外“be used to+名词（动名词）名词（动名词）”表示表示 “习惯于习惯于 ”。例如：。例如： I am used to the climate here. He is used to swimming in winter.3. 一般将来时的用法一般将来时的用法 一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态，其表达形式除了一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态，其表达形式除了“will或或shall+动词原形动词原形 ”外，还有以下几种形式。外，还有以下几种形式。1）“to be going to+动词原形动词原形”,表示即将发生的或最近表示即将发生的或最近 打算进行的事。例如：打算进行的事。例如： It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today.2）go, come, start, move, sail, leave等可用进行时态表示等可用进行时态表示 按计划即将发生的动作。例如：按计划即将发生的动作。例如： Im leaving for Beijing.3）“be to+动词原形动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求表示按计划要发生的事或征求 对方意见。例如：对方意见。例如： Are we to go on with this work? The boy is to go to school tomorrow.4）“be about to+动词原形动词原形”表示即将发生的动作。例如：表示即将发生的动作。例如： We are about to leave. 4. 现在进行时的用法现在进行时的用法1）现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由）现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“to be+现在现在 分词分词”构成。例如：构成。例如： What are you doing?2）表示感觉，愿望和状态的某些动词，如）表示感觉，愿望和状态的某些动词，如have, be, hear, see, like等词一般不用进行时。等词一般不用进行时。5. 过去进行时的用法过去进行时的用法 1）过去进行时表示过去某一时刻，某一阶段正进行的）过去进行时表示过去某一时刻，某一阶段正进行的 动作，由动作，由“was (were)+现在分词现在分词”构成。例如：构成。例如： In 1980 he was studying in a university. He was reading a novel when I came in.6. 现在完成时的用法现在完成时的用法现在完成时由现在完成时由“have+过去分词过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情构成。其使用有两种情况：况：1）现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现）现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响。句中没有明显时间状语。例如：在有影响。句中没有明显时间状语。例如：He has gone to Fuzhou. (说话人认为他不在该地）说话人认为他不在该地）He has been to Fuzhou. （说话人认为他在该地）（说话人认为他在该地）2）现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，）现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在， 也许还会持续下去。常用也许还会持续下去。常用for和和since表示一段时间的状语表示一段时间的状语 或或so far, now, today, this week (month, year)等表示包括等表示包括 现在时间在内的状语。例如：现在时间在内的状语。例如： He has studied English for 5 years. He has studied English since 1985. Now I have finished the work.注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成时不能与等的完成时不能与for, since等表示一段时间的等表示一段时间的 词连用。词连用。3）现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来）现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来 某时完成的动作。例如：某时完成的动作。例如： Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework. If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we will go to the park. 7. 过去完成时的用法过去完成时的用法1）过去完成时由）过去完成时由“had+过去分词过去分词” 构成，过去完成时的构成，过去完成时的 动作表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作状动作表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作状 态。句中常用态。句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间等词引导的时间 状语。例如：状语。例如： By the end of last year we had built five new houses. I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.2）过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的）过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的 动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。例如：动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。例如： Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.8）过去将来时的用法）过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看将要发生的动作或过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看将要发生的动作或状态。过去将来时由状态。过去将来时由“should或或would+动词原形动词原形”构成。构成。第一人称用第一人称用should,其他人称用其他人称用would.例如：例如：They were sure that they would succeed.现在完成进行时由现在完成进行时由“have (has)+been+现在分词现在分词”构成，表构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，如示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，如work, study, live, teach等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多。例如：等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多。例如：I have worked here for three years.I have been working here for three years.但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如：但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如：I have written a letter. （已写完）（已写完）I have been writing a letter.（还在写）（还在写）注意：表示短暂动作的动词，如注意：表示短暂动作的动词，如finish, marry, get up, come go等不能用这种时态。等不能用这种时态。9）现在完成进行时地用法）现在完成进行时地用法练习练习1.We _ a party next weekend. I hope you can come. A. have B. will have C. had D. would have2. I _ a book at home when I heard a loud noise outside the building. A. have read B. was reading C. read D. had read3. - _ my glasses? - Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago. A. Do you see B. Had you seen C. Would you see D. Have you seen4. Helen _ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _ home. A. had left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come5. Hi, Tracy, you look tired. - I am tired. I _ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted _ _6. You have left the light on. - Oh, so I have. _ and turn it off. A. Ill go B. Ive gone C. I go D. Im going7. The reporter said that the UFO _ east to west when he saw it. A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel 8. I _ ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. A. will play B. have played C. played D. play9. You havent said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it? - Im sorry I _ anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you. A. wasnt saying B. dont say C. wont D. didnt say10. I wonder why Jenny _ us recently. We should have heard from her by now. A. hasnt written B. doesnt write C. wont write D. hadnt write_. 语态语态 1. 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词态由助动词be+过去分词构成，时态通过过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。表现出来。例如：例如：1）一般现在时：）一般现在时：You are required to do this.2）一般过去时：）一般过去时：The story was told by her.3）一般将来时：）一般将来时：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.4）现在进行时：）现在进行时：The road is being widened.5）过去进行时：）过去进行时：The new road was being made.6）现在完成时：）现在完成时：The novel has been read. 7）过去完成时：）过去完成时：He said that the work had been finished.8) 过去将来时：过去将来时：He said that the trees would be planted soon.2. 一些特殊的被动结构一些特殊的被动结构1）带情态动词的被动结构：）带情态动词的被动结构：The problem must be solved soon.2）带不定式的被动结构：）带不定式的被动结构：The homework needs to be done with care.3）短语动词的被动结构：）短语动词的被动结构：例例1）The baby is looked after carefully. 用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待。这类用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待。这类结构有以下几种：结构有以下几种：（不及物）动词不及物）动词+介词：介词：agree to, ask for, call for, laugh at, listen to, look after, operate on, send for, talk about, think of等。等。（及物）动词及物）动词+副词：副词：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, take up, think over, turn down, turn out, wipe out, work out等。等。 动词动词+副词副词+介词：介词：do away with, face up to, give in to, look down upon, make up for, put up with等。等。例例 2) Attention must be paid to your pronunciation. 用于这类被动结构的短语动词最多见的是用于这类被动结构的短语动词最多见的是“动词动词+名词名词+介词介词”这一结构。如：这一结构。如：catch sight of, keep an eye on, make use of, make a fool of, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire /light to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of等。等。例例 2与例与例1的不同点在于，它们用于被动时态能有两种形的不同点在于，它们用于被动时态能有两种形式。第一种形式是把式。第一种形式是把“动词动词+名词名词+介词介词”作为整体看待。作为整体看待。第二种形式是把其中的第二种形式是把其中的“动词动词+名词名词”作为作为“动词动词+宾语宾语”的结构处理。的结构处理。4）带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的）带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。例如：宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。例如：We always keep the classroom clean.(比较：比较：The classroom is always kept clean.)5）有些动词形式上是主动结构，但表示被动的意思。常见的有）有些动词形式上是主动结构，但表示被动的意思。常见的有可和可和well, easily等副词连用的不及物动词等副词连用的不及物动词sell, wash, write, read, clean, cook等。例如：等。例如：The cloth washes well.这布很经洗。这布很经洗。The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。这新产品很畅销。The pen writes well.这枝笔很好用。这枝笔很好用。6）下列情况主动句不能改成被动句：）下列情况主动句不能改成被动句：谓语是及物动词谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, benefit, lack等。等。谓语是不可拆开的短语动词谓语是不可拆开的短语动词take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of等。等。宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，动名词，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，动名词，抽象名词等。抽象名词等。7）汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动）汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。例如：结构表示。例如：据说据说 It is said that 希望希望 It is hoped that 据推测说据推测说 It is supposed that 必须承认必须承认 It must be admitted that 必须指出必须指出 It must be pointed out that 众所周知众所周知 It is well known that 有人会说有人会说 It will be said that 大家认为大家认为 It is generally considered that 有人相信有人相信 It is believed that 练习练习1. The programs can _ easily if you use a short-wave radio. A. receive B. received C. be received D. be receiving2. The report said that another school _ set up here the next year. A. has B. would C. has been D. would be3. Visitors _ not to touch the exhibits. A. will request B. request C. are requesting D. are requested4. Have you moved into the new houses? - Not yet. The rooms _. A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting5. The police found that the house _ and a lot of things _. A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen_. 虚拟虚拟.(一）虚拟语气用于条件状语从句。一）虚拟语气用于条件状语从句。1.表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用谓语动词用“过去式（过去式（be的过去式用的过去式用were)”而主句中而主句中的谓语动词用的谓语动词用“would(should, could, might)+动词原形动词原形” 例如：例如：If he had time, he would attend the meeting.2.表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用谓语动词用“had+过去分词过去分词”，主句中的谓语动词用，主句中的谓语动词用“would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词过去分词” 例如：例如：If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the examination.3.表示与将来事实相反的假设时，条件从句和主表示与将来事实相反的假设时，条件从句和主句所用的谓语动词句所用的谓语动词 与与“表示与现在事实相反的假表示与现在事实相反的假设设”的谓语动词相同，或者条件从句中用的谓语动词相同，或者条件从句中用“were to (should)+动词原形动词原形”，例如：，例如：If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. 4. 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要依据它所所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要依据它所表示的时间来调整。例如：表示的时间来调整。例如：If you had worked hard, you would be very tired.5.以上句型可以转换成下列形式：以上句型可以转换成下列形式：1）省略）省略if用用“were, had, should+主句主句”。例如：。例如：Were I in school again, I would work harder.Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.但在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句但在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式，如我们可以说：首不能用动词的缩略形式，如我们可以说：Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy.但不能说：但不能说：Werent it for the expense, I would go to Italy. 2）用介词短语代替条件状语从句。例如：）用介词短语代替条件状语从句。例如：Without air, there would be no living things.（二）虚拟语气用于宾语从句（二）虚拟语气用于宾语从句1. “wish+宾语从句宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，汉语可译表示不能实现的愿望，汉语可译为为“可惜可惜”，“就好了就好了”，“悔不该悔不该”，“但但愿愿”等。等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词过去式表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词过去式;表示将来不能实现的愿望，用表示将来不能实现的愿望，用“would(could)+动词原动词原形形”;表示过去不能实现的愿望时用表示过去不能实现的愿望时用“had+过去分词过去分词”或或“（could)would+have+过去分词过去分词”。例如。例如:I wish it were spring all the year round.I wish you could go with us.We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.2.虚拟语气在动词虚拟语气在动词arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest等后面的宾等后面的宾语从句中用语从句中用“(should)+动词原形动词原形”。例如：。例如：We suggest that we (should) have a meeting.We insist that they (should) go with us.The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.He demanded that we (should) start right away.注意：注意：insist作作“力言力言”，“强调强调”解时，宾语从句不用解时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气，只有当虚拟语气，只有当insist作作“坚持（认为）坚持（认为）”，“坚持坚持（应该）（应该）”解时，宾语从句才用虚拟语气。例如：解时，宾语从句才用虚拟语气。例如：Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.（三）虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句（三）虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句作作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名词的表语从句和同位语从等名词的表语从句和同位语从句，其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构句，其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“（should）+动词原形。动词原形。”例如：例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.（四）虚拟语气在（四）虚拟语气在as if (as though), even if (even though)等引导的表语从句或状语从句中等引导的表语从句或状语从句中的应用。的应用。如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用过去时，指将来则用过时；指现在状况，则用过去时，指将来则用过去将来时。例如：去将来时。例如：He looked as if he were an artist.He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem.（五）虚拟语气用于主语从句（五）虚拟语气用于主语从句在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用“should+动词原形动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇，不相信，的结构，表示惊奇，不相信，惋惜，理应如此等。例如：惋惜，理应如此等。例如：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that we should clean the room every day.It was a pity ( a shame, no wonder, etc) that you should be so careless.It will be desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.) that she should finish her homework this afternoon.在上述三种主语从句中，在上述三种主语从句中，should应意为应意为“应该应该”，“竟然竟然”，可以省去，但不可换用，可以省去，但不可换用would,主句所主句所用动词的时态不限。注意：这种从句表示的是事用动词的时态不限。注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说话人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，实。如果说话人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that 从句也可陈述语气，例如：从句也可陈述语气，例如：It is strange that he did not come yesterday.It is a pity that you cant swim.（六）虚拟语气用于定语从句（六）虚拟语气用于定语从句这种从句常用在这种从句常用在It is (high) time (that)句型中，句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或should+动词原动词原形（形（should不能省略，不能省略，be 用用were)来表示，意为来表示，意为“（现在）该（现在）该”。例如：例如：It is (high) time we left (should leave).It is high time we were going.（七）虚拟语气用于（七）虚拟语气用于if only 引导的感叹句中引导的感叹句中If only I had taken his advice. 我要是听他的话就好我要是听他的话就好了。了。If only I were a bird.我如果是一只鸟就好了。我如果是一只鸟就好了。（八）虚拟语气在简单句中的应用（八）虚拟语气在简单句中的应用1）情态动词的过去式用于现在进行时，表示说话人谦虚，）情态动词的过去式用于现在进行时，表示说话人谦虚，客气，有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常生活中，例如：客气，有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常生活中，例如：Would you be kind enough to open the door?2）用于一些习惯表达法中，例如：）用于一些习惯表达法中，例如：Would you like a cup of tea?I would rather not tell you.You had better go now.3）用）用“may+动词原形动词原形”表示表示“祝愿祝愿”。may 必须置于必须置于句首，句首，May you be happy!May you succeed!练习练习1. The guard at the gate insisted that everybody _ the rules. A. obeys B. obey C. will obey D. would obey2. If she had worked harder, she _. A. would succeed B. had succeeded C. should succeed D. would have succeeded3. I wish I _ you yesterday. A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see4. You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn, you _ so tired. A. drove, didnt get B. were driving, wouldnt get C. drove, wouldnt get D. had driven, wouldnt have got_5. I stayed at a hotel while in New York. - Oh, did you? You _ with Barbara. A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed6. I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word. A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left D. neednt leave_