2022年初中英语语法知识 .pdf

名师精编优秀资料冠词不定冠词1. 不定冠词与可数名词单数连用，泛指某类人或事物2. 微弱的 one的概念3. 不定冠词与序数词连用，不表示第几的概念，而表示“又一，再一”you can try a second time if you fail. 4. 固定短语Make a promise Make a note Make a mistake Have a cold Have a walk Have a look Pay a visit In a moment 定冠词1. 用于名词前表示特指2. 前面提过的名词再次提到3. 说话和听话的人都知道的事物或人4. 用于弹奏的西洋乐器名词之前5. 定冠词与某些形容词连用使之名词化，代表一类人或者事物6. 宇宙中独一无二的名词7. 序数词及比较级，最高级所修饰的名词前8. 由普通名词构成的专有名词前9. 定冠词在姓氏复数名词之前，表示全家人或者夫妇俩不用冠词精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料1. 物质名词，抽象名词，专有名词之前不用冠词2. 名词复数表示泛指3. 月份，星期，季节，节日等名词4. 三餐，球类运动名词，但是三餐表示一顿一次时要用不定冠词5. 学科，语言的名词6. 独一无二的职位，头衔，人名以及称呼的名词，但是表示职位的名词在句中做表语时前面通常用不定冠词7. by+表示交通工具的结构中8. 短语At school on time At last go to bed Hand in hand take care of Lose weight keepin mind 冠词的位置1. 名词的最前面2. such/so that，用于 such后，形容词前， so修饰的形容词后3. tooto结构中， too 修饰的形容词后4. quite,rather与单数名词连用， 不定冠词放在后面， 如果其后的名词前有形容词修饰时，不定冠词放在前后均可5. what 和 how 构成的感叹句中，不定冠词置于what 后以及 how 修饰的形容词后What a beautiful flower! How nice a girl! 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料名词可数与不可数1.以 s结尾不表示复数，应该看做单数名词news maths politics means physics 2.不可数名词用作不同意义的时候是可数名词（1）fish （2）glass （3）orange （4）room 可数名词复数1.一般情况2.+es 3.f 或 fe 结尾4.辅音+y 结尾5.元音+o 结尾可数名词不规则变化1.改变字母man woman foot goose mouse 2.单复数同行Means works deer sheep 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料3.集体名词作复数People police cattle staff 5. 复合名词son-in-law sons-in-law grown-up grown-ups 6. “数词 +名词+形容词”相当于一个形容词其中的名词只可用单数形式，不可用复数形式A two-metre-long ruler 名词的所有格1. 有生命的或者天气，时间，距离直接在单词后面加 s 没有生命的用 of+名词2. 如果一样东西或一个人为两个或两个以上的人共有，如果不是共有3.表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词等修饰，通常用“of+名词s所有格”表示所有关系，通常所指的“双重所有格”This is a book of Li Ming s I met a few friends of my brother s 4. Here is a photo of Mary s I have a photo of Mary 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料代词人称代词和物主代词主格宾格Ps:动词+介词，宾语放在介词之后动词+副词，宾语放在动词和副词之间形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词在句中一般用作宾语或者同位语，不可以单独做主语Enjoy yourself by oneself Dress oneself help oneself to For oneself 替代词 that/those,one/ones,it 1.that用来代替前面提到的单数可数名词或不可数名词，不和冠词连用，其后总有修饰语，表示特指，相当于“the+可数名词单数 /不可数名词”The book on the desk is better than under the desk. His stories are more interesting than I told. 2.one指与前面出现的单数可数名词同一类但不是同一个，表示泛指，相当于“a/an+单数可数名词”I lost my watch and I want to buy next week 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料These shoes are too small. I want larger 3.it指与上文提到的相同的事物，不能带任何修饰语A bird landed on my window. It chirped and danced. 不定代词 the other ， other ， another ， others 1. other在句中不能单独使用， 一般修饰可数名词复数， 意为“另外的” ， 表示泛指，others是other的复数形式，表示 “other+可数名词复数”，不能做定语常构成some others 2. the other 代指单数可数名词时，表示两者中的另一个，常构成one the other结构；the others相当于“the other+可数名词复数”特指一定范围的其他的人或物。3. another表示不定数目中的另一个，意为“再一，又一”，一般代替或修饰单数名词。如果another 后 few 或基数词时，可接复数名词。常用one another the other I have no shoes. Give me some examples Some people like to stay at home on Sunday, but like to go to the cinema. There are two books on the desk. One is Lily s, is Lucy s. I went to swimming while played tennis. We need ten days to finish it. The old man has three sons. One is in the US, is in France, and seems to be in Germany. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料Each 和 every 的区别1.each强调个体，重在以个体的角度说明事物，可用于两者之间，也可用于三者或三者以上的场合。在句中可以做主语，宾语，定语，同位语，可以与of 短语连用，做主语时，谓语用做单数。2.every强调整体，重在从整体的角度说明事物，用于三者或三者以上的场合，在句中只能作定语of answer is right He fill of the stockings with Christmas presents. There is a line of trees on side of the river. We have our own car. student in the class like English. man should do his duty. All， both ， none ， either ， neither 的区别1.all表示对三者或三者以上事物的全部肯定，既可代替或修饰可数名词又可代替或修饰不可数名词，在句中可做主语，表语，宾语，定语或同位语2.both表示对两者的肯定，可作主语，宾语，定语或同位语3.none意为没有人 /事物，既可代指人也可代指物，既可指代可数名词，也可指代不可数名词， 其后可以加 of 短语。No one 一般指人，其后不能加of 短语。No one常用来回答 who 的提问，none用来回答 how many，how much 的提问精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料4.either 表示两者中的任何一个，强调个体，可做主语，宾语或定语5.neither意义与 both 正好相反， 两者都不，用法类似 either，但是 neither 还可以用作副词，用于否定句，意为也不。All here can speak two languages. Both of them like popular songs. We both are from No.1 middle School. -Who told you the news? -No one, I read it in the newspaper. -How much money have you got on you? -None. Take one of the books on the table either of them will do. Neither of my parents allows me to take up medicine. I have never been to Paris Neither have we. each every either any the other another both all neither none 复合不定代词精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料1.复合不定代词只起代词的作用，做主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。他们在句中可作主语，宾语，表语，但不能做定语。形容词修饰不定代词时，必须置于其后2.somebody和someone意思相同，只用于肯定句，在否定句或者疑问句中用anybody ， anyone 。 Anybody和anyone也可用于肯定句表示“任何人“3.everybody和 everyone 意思相同，表示“大家，人人”与not连用表示部分否定4.something表示某事某物， 一般用于肯定句， 在疑问句或否定句中用anything 5.everything表示一切，nothing表示没有什么。Nothing is impossible There is wrong with here. I need to help me I didn t know at the party can t be good at painting. Is there I can do for you? There is in the room Money is not It 的用法1.it 代指时间，距离，天气，环境状况或事物的状态It s ten past twelve now. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料It s raining all morning 2.it代指上文提到的事物，想法以及性别不明或不明确的人Someone is knocking at the door. Who will it be? 3.it用作形式主语，用于“ it+adj.+to do ”It is not easy to finish the work in two days. 4.it用作形式宾语，用来代替动词不定式或从句，常用在动词make ，find之后He made it a rule to talk to her in English everyday. 5.it用在句型“ It seems that ”It seems that the little boy dosen t like the toy 6.it用在句型“ It s one s turn to do ”7.it用于句型“ It s time to do/for/that”8.it用于句型“ It+adj.+that ”It s true that he may fall behind the other students. 疑问代词的用法Who Whose What Which 介词精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料In ，on ，at 时间1. in 可用在表示某年、月、季节、上/下午或晚上时间名词之前2. on 用在表示星期，节日或具体某一天的上午/下午或晚上3. at 用在表示钟点，黎明，正午，黄昏的时间名词前in spring in the morning in 1998 on Friday on Sunday night at seven thirty at noon at night 空间1. in 表示某一地域之内的某方位2. on 表示与某地相邻的关系 (to 也有这层意思 ) 3. at 表示具体在某一地点in the east of Jiang su on the east of Jiang su The worst disaster happened 14:28 May 12 in Sichuan In, by after, since, for 1. “in+时间段”表示将来，即“在时间之后” ，句中谓语动词一般用将来时，且是非延续性动词We will meet again in two weeks 2. “by+时间点”表示“截止到” ，句中常用完成时态This factory had produced more than one million cars by the end of last 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料year. 3. “after+时间点”表示“某刻之后” ，可用于过去时或将来时“after+时间段”表示“过了一段时间之后”4. “since+表示过去时间的短语” 表示的时间段一般延续到说话的时间，因而往往与现在完成时连用I have lived here since I worked in this company. 5. “for+时间段”修饰的句子常用完成时态或完成进行时态，表示过去某点到说话时完成的或一直持续的动作或行为I have lived in this city for more than 10 years. Except, besides, except for, but 1. except表示“除之外没有” 其宾语是被除去的一部分， 多指对同类事物的排除，后面接名词，代词或从句Except my salary I have nothing to live on. He usually go to school on foot except when it rains. 2. besides表示“除之外（还有）”其宾语是包含在整体中的部分Many students have been to the Great Wall besides me. 3. except for 强调从整体中排除一部分，对主语内容起到修正作用，多指不同类事物的排除。The street in the early morning is very quiet except for a few cars. 4. but 指 “除之外”相当于 except， 经常同 all, everyone, anyone 等代词，同 nobody, none , nowhere 等否定词或 who, what 等疑问代词以及最高级形容词搭配，后接名词，代词或不定式。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料Nobody but John knows the city well. 注意： but 接动词不定式，当前面有 do 或 cannot 时， 不定式不带 to ；当前面有anything, everything, nothing 等词时，不定式不带to ；其余情况带to 。例如： She can do anything but cook. 她除了做饭以外，什么都会做。I have nothing to do but wait. The old woman cannot but cry. 这位老太太不禁大哭起来。We had no choice but to accept the fact. across, through, over, above 1. across意为穿过，表示动作是在某一物体的表面进行across the street 2. through意为穿过，表示动作是在某一空间内进行The light went through the window 3. over 意为越过，侧重垂直高度，表示的动作是在某物体正上方进行，反义词是 under jump over the fence 4. above意为在上方，侧重于水平高度，不一定在正上方，其反义词是 below between, among 1,between两者之间2. among三者或三者以上之间精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料With, by, in表示工具，手段，材料1. with 多指用工具，身体的某个部位或某个器官He shot the bird with a gun. You can see it with your own eyes 2. by 指使用的方法He made a living by selling newspapers. Why we don t go there by car? 3. in 用语言或工具的某种类型或材料He made the speech in English, Don t write these number in pencil, write them in ink. How do you learn English well？chatting with my uncle in America online 介词的搭配1. 介词与名词In a hurry for a while On show with pleasure 2. 介词与动词Think of wait for Get on listen to Take make think 3. 介词与形容词Be curious about Be afraid of 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料Be kind to Be late for Be angry with Be interested in 形容词和副词形容词作定语在句中的位置1. 多个形容词修饰同一名词时排列的顺序限定词 +序数词、基数词 +性质、状态 +大小、长短、高低 +形状+新旧+颜色+产地、国籍 +质地、材料 +用途+名词A few big round new black French wooden tables 2. 下列情况中，形容词须放在所修饰的词后在修饰 something，anything，somebody ，anybody 等不定代词时，形容词后置某些以 a 开头的形容词， alike，afraid，alive，alone，asleep ，awake等需要放在所修饰词之后After the accident, the ones alive were taken to the hospital nearby. and或 or 连接的两个形容词通常放在被修饰的名词之后，起到强调修饰语的作用Every country, big or small, has its strong points and weak points. 当 old，long，high，wide，deep，等词附有数量词短语作定语时形容词需后置There are many buildings over 20 storeys high 副词在句中的位置1. 频度副词如 always，usually 等修饰动词时，一般放在助动词，情精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料态动词和系动词之后，实义动词之前。2. 时间副词和地点副词一般放在句尾，如果这两种副词在句中同时出现，地点副词放在时间副词之前，也可将时间副词放在句首。、3. 程度副词，如 very，much，still，almost，quite 等一般放在被修饰词之前，但是 enough放在被修饰词之后。He is old enough to go to school. He is very smart. 4. 动词和副词，如 up，over，off，down，in，out 等组成的动词词组有名词作宾语时，该名词可放在副词之后，或之前，如果宾语为代词，该宾语要放在副词之前Try them on Try on the coat / try the coat on 形容词和副词的比较级1.A 超过 B A+谓语+比较级 +than+B He speaks English better than I A+谓语+more+原级+than+B 2.A 不如 B A+谓语的否定式 +比较级 +than+B He dosen t run faster than his brother A+谓语+less+原级+than+B A+谓语的否定式 +so（as）+原级+as+B 3.AB 是同等程度精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料A+谓语+as+原级+as+B Mary dances as well as Kate 4. the+比较级， the+比较级5.比较级 +and+比较级6.两者中比较的一个the+比较级 +of the two+名词7.最the+最高级 +比较范围注意：1. 作表语时不能用人做主语的形容词Difficult, hard, dangerous, necessary, safe, useful, pleasant, possible 2. 以 ly 结尾的形容词Friendly, silly, lovely, timely, orderly, lively, elderly, deadly, fatherly, lonely, smelly 3. 常作表语的形容词Afraid, alike, awake, alone, asleep, alive, ill, well, glad, content, sure 4. 常作定语的形容词Latter, little, many, live, lonely, main, only, real, outer, wooden, elder 5. 无比较级的形容词和副词Whole, main, wooden, earthen, golden, only, single, round, very, own 6. 意义有别的同根副词close closely deep deeply hard hardly loud loudly late lately wide widely 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 17 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料high highly 连词表示并列关系的并列连词1. and连接两个词，短语和句子you，Mary and I 2. bothand连接两个相同性质的句子成分，谓语动词用复数Both her father and her mother were pleased with the young man. 3. not onlybut also意为“不但而且” also可以省略，或与 but分开使用，或用 too，as well 代替，谓语动词就近原则He not only read the book, but also remembered what he read. Not only is he funny, but he is witty too. Not only you but also he has to leave. 4. neithernor意为“既不也不” ，谓语动词就近原则Mary neither likes math nor (likes) history. Neither Jim nor Jake was at home. 表示转折关系的并列连词1. while 和 but 都表示“但是，然而” ， but 表示强烈意义的转折， while表示意义和结构对称的转折English may be hard, it is the most important of all. The winter in Beijing is very cold that of Kunming is warm. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 18 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料2. but 和 yet 表示但是时通用， yet 表示但是时， 可以做副词与 and连用，but 不可It is rather hot in summer here, not cold in winter. It is very good, it can be better. Air has weight, and it is very light 表示选择关系的并列连词1. eitheror意为“要么要么” “不是就是”，连接两个相同性质的句子成分，但是有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。誉为动词就近原则。You can choose either the toy car or the kite. But you can t choose both. You can either have tea or (have) coffee. 2. or 用在选择疑问句中连接被选择的对象，意为“或者，还是”，用于否定句中连接并列成分，表示“和，与”Do you want an apple or an orange? I don t like bread, rice or porridge. 3. notbut意为“不是而是： ”连接主语时，谓语动词根据but后面的词而定。He is not very clever, but he s honest. What we want is not money, but more knowledge. 表示因果关系的并列连词精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 19 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料It was raining hard outside, so we have to stay at home. He is not at school today, for he has a bad cold. 数词和主谓一致序数词和分数第十七第二十三五分之二四分之三二分之一数量的确指和概指1. 基数词 hundred，thousand ，million 等表示确切的数目的时候，词尾不加 s 2. 当表示概指时，词尾要加s，与 of 连用，其前不能加数词修饰3. dozen与数词 many，several等连用时，不加 s，所修饰的名词前通常省略 of，如果所修饰的名词前有these ，those ，them，us等词时，其后必须加 of 4. score前面有具体数字时， 一般不用复数形式， 其后通常与 of 连用日期，年代，年龄，编号1.日期： 2009.06.26 June 26th， 2009 或者 26th June ，2009 2.年代： 1990 s 二十世纪九十年代in the twenty nineties 3 年龄： at the age of in one s twenties 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 20 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料5. 编号： No.12 主谓一致的语法一致原则1. 以 s结尾的词，表示单数2. 主语是“ a series of ，a kind of， a piece of等+名词” ，谓语动词用单数3. “a number of+名词复数”做主语，谓语动词用复数“the number of+名词复数”做主语，谓语动词用单数The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them did n t come for different reasons. 4. 主语后有 with，together with，along with，except，besides ，as well as时，谓语动词的数要与前面的名词的单复数一致Mr. Green together with his children to the park everyday. 5. 表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或从句做主语，谓语动词用单数When and where go for the five-day holiday not been decided yet. 6. “one/either/neither/each of+ 复数名词或代词” 作主语，谓语动词用单数Either of the two stories interesting. 7. something，anything 等作主语，谓语动词用单数主谓一致的意义一致原则1. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语，通常看做一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式2. “the+形容词 /分词”结构指人时，谓语动词用复数，如果表示抽精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 21 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料象概念，谓语动词用单数The disabled well taken care of in the country. The new sure to take the place of the old. 3. 主语为 family，taem，group 等集合概念，如果看做一个整体，谓语动词用单数，如果侧重其中的个体，谓语动词用复数4. 分数、百分数。 All ，some ，the rest，the remianing，part of 等做主语时，谓语动词单复数根据指代的意义确定5. what 引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要取决于做表语名词的单复数6. 单复数同行的词作主语，要根据其在句中的意思确定Every possible means been used to prevent the pollution. There various means of communicating with a stranger. 7. such做主语时，谓语动词根据句子的意思确定主谓一致的就近原则1. eitheror，neithernor，notbut，not onlybut also等连接的并列句子Either Mary or he going to Paris. 2. There be句型， here be结构中精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 22 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料动词及动词短语动词的种类1. 行为动词及物动词play bring 不及物动词go work 状态动词belong contain know exist 延续性动词非延续性动词2. 系动词状态系动词be 表象系动词seem ，appear ，look 感官系动词look，sound，taste ，smell，feel 变化系动词become ，come，get，grow，go，make，run，turn，fall 持续系动词keep，remain，stay，stand ，lie，rest 3. 助动词4. 情态动词Spring is a beautiful season when all trees green. A.turn B.sound C.feel D.grow 不及物动词和及物动词1. 不及物动词不可以接宾语，但是其后接介词可以接宾语精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 23 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料2. 及物动词单宾语及物动词： accept ，borrow，enjoy，put，worry，use 双宾语及物动词： return，bring，give，hand，pass ，pay，buy，find，choose ，teach ，post，offer Get sb. Sth.=get sth. for sb. Provide sb. with sth. Offer sb. sth.=offer sth. to sb 助动词Be：构成进行时态或系表结构，构成被动语态或系表结构Have：构成完成时态Do：构成否定句和疑问句，用在动词原形前，加强语气，代替前面刚刚出现的动词避免重复Shall 和 will ：一般将来时Don t forget to give my best wishes to your mother. A.No, I won t B.Yes, I will C.No, I will D.Yes, I won t 情态动词1. must 可以表示对过去将来现在的猜测，其否定形式时 can t，对现在的猜测用 must be，对过去的猜测用must have be You must be tired after your long journey. If Tom didn t leave here until five o clock, he can t be home yet. 2. can 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 24 页，共 36 页名师精编优秀资料 用于表示理论上的可能性，常用于否定句和疑问句You can go to Miami by train 表示惊讶，