2022年初三英语 .pdf

优秀学习资料欢迎下载教育学科教师辅导教案学员编号：年级：课 时 数： 3 学员姓名： YYY辅导科目：英语学科教师： XX 课题动词分类及词形变化讲解；动词用法辨析教学目的1.掌握动词的基本类型，各类动词特点2.掌握动词变化形式，了解语法构成3.具备中考涉及动词用法辨析能力授课日期年月日教学内容Step 1 动词分类及词形变化讲解1、动词的分类：类 别意义例句实义动词含有实在的意义， 表示动作或状态，在句子中能独立作谓语。She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。They eat a lot of potatoes. 他们常 吃土豆。I m reading an English book now. 我现在正 看一本英文书。连系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语。His father is a teacher.他父亲 是 教师。Twins usually look the same. 双胞胎通常 看起来 一样。The teacher became very angry.老师变得很生气。助动词本身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式，助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。He doesn t speak English. 他不说英语。We are playing basketball. 我们在打篮球。Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟吗？情态动词本身有一定的意义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化，有些情态动词有过去式。You can keep the books for two weeks. 这些书你 可以 借两个星期。May I smoke here? 我可以 在这儿抽烟吗？We must go now. 我们现在 得走了。重要注解：（ 1）关于实义动词： 英语的 实义动词 又可分为 及物动词 和不及物动词 两大类：后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词；本身意义完整，后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall 等。有些动词通常用作及物动词。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：study, sing等。 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如：know, wash等。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 15 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载 有些动词常和介词、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组，形成短语动词。如： listen,reply,wait,look . （ 2）关于连系动词：连系动词用来连接主语和表语，连系动词后面常为形容词。常见的连系动词有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。有些连系动词来源于实义动词，意思也跟着变化：look（看看起来） 、 feel（感觉、摸感到） 、smell（闻、嗅闻起来） 、taste （尝尝起来） 、 turn（翻转、转动变得） 、grow（生长变得） 、get（得到、到达变得） 、go（去变得） ，所不同的是，作为实义动词时，后面不能跟形容词。注释 become、get、go、be、grow、turn 的用法区别 ：become表示“变成” ，比较正式，通常不用将来时表示动作已经完成。 get 也表示动作已经完成，但是更加口语化，通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。go 表示“变得” ，常见于某些短语中，后面常有形容词bad、blind、hungry 等。 be表示“是、成为、当” ，多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式中。grow 表示“变得” ，常指逐渐的变化，表示身高、岁数的增长。turn 表示“变得”，指变为与原先不同的情况，通常指颜色等变化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill./ He has got rich./ He will be a scientist in the future./ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year./ The sandwich has gone bad./ Her face turned red after her mother criticized（批评）her. （ 3）关于助动词：常见的 助动词 有：用于进行时和被动语态的be（am, is, are ,was, were, been, being）；用于完成时的have（has, had, having）；用于将来时的shall（should）；will（would）和用于一般时的do（does, did）.助动词 必须同主语的人称和数一致，也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式，其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如：shall, will, should, would.（ 4）关于情态动词：常见的 情态动词 有： can （could）,may （might）, must ,shall （should）, will （would）, dare （dared）, need等，另外， have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。can 表示体力、脑力方面的能力或客观的可能性。口语中，在询问或说明一件事可不可以做时，常用“can”代替“ may” 。情态动词“ can”的过去式是“could” ，否定式是“ cannot”通常缩写成“cant” ， “could”的否定式是“could not” ，通常缩写成“couldnt” 。如： Can I help you?/ He can swim./ That cant be Mr Li . may 表示允许、请求或可能性，用may提问时，肯定回答一般用Certainly 或 Yes, you may 。否定回答一般用cant或 mustnt. 如： May I ask you a question?Certainly. / You may go now. / It may be in your pocket . must表示“必须”、 “一定” 的意思。 表示“必须” 时否定形式是mustnt；表示“一定” 时，否定形式是 “cant”如： We must be very careful when we cross the road/ It must be Jack./ I haven t seen Kate today. She cant be here. 注意 用 must（必须）进行提问时，肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt；用 must（一定）进行提问时，肯定回答仍用 must， 但是否定回答用cant. 如： Must we clean the room before we leave? Yes，you must.或 No, you needn t. / Must she be in the romm? Yes,she must. 或 No,she can t. “have to ”表示“不得不” 、 “必须”。We ll have to leave now for it is very late at night . have to的疑问形式是：助动词have to,否定形式是：助动词nothave to或者用 neednt.如：Do you have to stay until 8 o clock? / You don t have to do so.（=You needn t do so.） shall 在问句中，可表示征求对方意见，与第一人称连用；在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、 “允许”等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?/ He shall bring his own book next time. should可表示“劝告” 、 “建议”、 “惊奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely. will 表示“意愿”、 “决心” 等意思， 一般与第二人称连用。如：Will you please close the door for me?/ I will teach you a lesson . would表示过去的“意愿” 、 “决心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home . would 也可以表示现在的情况，表达说话人向对方提出的要求，语气比“will”婉转、客气。在日常会话中，“我想要” 通常用 “I would like to”或“I should（I d）like to”来表示。 如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment ? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 15 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载would 还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people. need表示“需要” ，用于疑问句或否定句。“need”作实义动词时，在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如：He neednt do it in such a hurry. （他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事）/ He needs some help. （他需要一些帮助）/ He doesn t need to bring his football socks then .（那么他就无须带上足球袜了） dare 是“敢”的意思，用法几乎与“need”完全相同，即在疑问句和否定句中，可以作情态动词，后面用不带“to”的动词不定式。 在肯定句中和实义动词一样，后面的动词不定式要带“to” 。How dare you say I am a fool? / He didn t dare to touch the red button . d better（do）（ “最好是”）一般也当作情态动词使用，否定式是： d better not （do）. 如：Youd better sit here and say nothing./ You d better not speak because he is sleeping. 2、动词词形变化一览表：（ 1）规则动词变化表：规则变化原形动词结尾情况现在时单三人称现 在 分 词过去式和过去分词一般情况s ing ed s,x,ch,sh,o结尾es ing ed 辅音字母 y 结尾yi,es ing yi,ed 重读闭音节一元一辅结尾s 双写辅音字母 , ing双写辅音字母,ed不发音的e 结尾s 去掉 e,ingd ie 结尾s iey,ing d 不规则变化havehas；beis （无）（见不规则动词变化表）注意：在加ing 或 ed 时动词如果以“r”结尾 ,尾音节又重读的动词,“r”应双写。s/es的读音规则：在清辅音后读s；在浊辅音后和元音后读z；在 s 、 F、z、tF、dV后读 iz. ed 的读音规则：在清辅音后读t；在浊辅音后和元音后读d；在 t、d后读 id. （ 2）不规则动词变化表： （ 原形 过去式 过去分词）be（am,is）was been lose lost lost be（are）were been make made made beatbeat beaten may might becomebecame become mean meant meant begin began begun meet met met blow blew blown mistake mistook mistaken break broke broken must must bring brought brought pay paid paid build built built put put put buy bought bought read read Read can could ride rode ridden catch caught caught ring rang rung choose chose chosen rise rose risen come came come run ran run cost cost cost say said said 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 15 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载cut cut cut see saw seen dig dug dug sell sold sold do did done send sent sent draw drew drawn set set set drink drank drunk shall should drive drove driven shine shone shone eat ate eaten show showed shown fall fell fallen shut shut shut feel felt felt sing sang sung find found found sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken fly flew flown sit set set forget forgot forgot/forgotten sleep slept slept freeze froze frozen smell smelt smelt get got got speak spoke spoken give gave given spend spent spent go went gone spill spilt spilt grow grew grown spoil spoilt spoilt hang hung/hanged hung/hanged stand stood stood have（has）had had sweep swept swept hear heard heard swim swam swum hide hid hidden take took taken hit hit hit teach taught taught hold held held tell told told hurt hurt hurt think thought thought keep kept kept throw threw thrown know knew known understand understood understood lay laid laid wake woke/waked woken/waked learn learnt/learned learnt/learned wear wore worn leave left left will would lend lent lent win won won let let let write wrote witten lie lay lain 3、be 动词的各种时态变化一 般 现 在 时一 般 将 来 时现 在 完 成 时I am .You are.He/She/It is.We/You/They are.（I 等各人称）will be.I am He/She/It is going to beWe/You/They are I have been.You have been.She/he/It has been.We/You/They have been.一 般 过 去 时过 去 将 来 时过 去 完 成 时精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 15 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载I was .You were. He/She/It was.We/You/They were.（I 等各人称）would be.I was He/She/It was going to be We/You/They were I had been.You had been .She/he/It had been.We/You/They had been.注意： 句型变化时，否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加 not,而且 not 都可以缩写为n t （am 后面 not 不可以缩写） ；疑问句将 am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。4、其它谓语动词（主动语态）的时态变化现在时态一 般 现 在 时现 在 进 行 时一 般 将 来 时现 在 完 成 时谓语动词构成动词用原形（单三加 s / es ）（问句和否定句借 用 助 词do / does ）am is 动 词-ing arewill 动词原形am is going to动词原形arehave 过去分词has过去时态一 般 过 去 时过 去 进 行 时过 去 将 来 时过 去 完 成 时谓语动词构成动词用过去式（问句和否定句借用助词did）was 动词-ing werewould 动词原形was going to动词原形werehad 过去分词1. Mr Zhang asked me _ the words again. A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading 2. You _ play on the road. Its dangerous. A. mustnt B. may C. can D. must 3. Mr Brown _ in Beijing since 1993. A. work B. works C. worked D. has worked 4. I _ a letter when my mother came in. A. write B. am writing C. was writing D. will write 5. Its not an important party, you neednt _ . A. pay for it B. wear it out C. try it out D. dress up for it 练一练精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 15 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载6. Can I _ a bike from him? A. lend B. return C. give D. borrow 7. - Must I stay at home?- No, you _ . A. mustnt B. neednt C. may not D. can not 8. - How long have you _ here? - About two months. A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived 9. Stamps _ by people for sending letters. A. use B. using C. used D. are used 10. The radio says Tianjin will be _ tomorrow. A. rains B. rain C. rained D. rainy 11. If you dont know this word, _ in the dictionary. A. look for it B. look at it C. look after it D. look it up 12. My father told me _ play on the street. A. not B. to not C. not to D. did not 13. There is going to _ an English party this evening. A. be B. has C. have D. is 14. There _ no bus stop here last year. A. is B. was C. are D. were 15. Our school will hold a sports meeting if it _ tomorrow. A. isnt rain B. rains C. wont rain D. doesnt rain Keys：1 【答案】C. 【析】ask somebody to do something 要求某人作某事。2 【答案】A. 【析】must 用于否定句表示禁止做某事。3 【答案】D. 【析】句中有 since 引导的时间状语，因此句中要用完成时态。4 【答案】C.【析】当母亲进来时是一个瞬时的动作，而写信是一个长动作，所以写信这个动作应用过去进行时态，表示在写信过程中发生的另一个短动作。5 【答案】D. 【析】pay for- 为某物，某人付款，wear out-穿坏，磨破，tryout- 选拔，挑选，而dress up-梳妆打扮。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 15 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载6 【答案】D.【析】borrow something from 为向某人某处借某物。而 lend, return, give 后面的介词应用to。7 【答案】B.【析】neednt 为“没有必要必须做某事”，而 mustnt 为“禁止做” ，can not 为“不能做” 。根据题意是：你不一定待在家里。8 【答案】A.【析】have been here是个状态，可以与后面的长时间状语连接，而其他三个动词都是瞬间动词。9 【答案】D.【析】这里是被动语态，意为邮票被人们用来发信。10 【答案】D.【析】rainy 为形容词作表语。11 【答案】D.【析】look up 查字典，与look 有关的词组有：look about 四周环视look after 照顾look around 周围，四处看look at 看look back 回顾look for 寻找look forward to 期待look out 当心look like 看上去像12 【答案】C.【析】不定式的否定式是not to do something. 13 【答案】A.【析】这里是 there be 无生命的 “有” 加助动词的句型，即 there will be, 而没有 there have 的句型。14 【答案】B.【析】last year 为去年， 所以用过去时。 而 there be 句型的单复数要看be 动词之后离之最近的名词是单数还是复数。如：There is a pen and two pencils on the desk. 15 【答案】D.【析】在状语从句中应用一般时态来表示将来。Step 2 中考动词用法辨析一、语法详解（1） “Why not动词原形？” （干嘛不 ?）是简略句，完全形式是：Why don t you 动词原形？如：Why not go and have a look? / Why not try it once again?（2）seem （好象） 的用法： 记住几个结构： sb./sth. seem （to be）形容词； sb./sth. seem like ； sb/sth seem to （do）； It seems that 从句。如： He seemed （to be）very happy when he was called by the headmaster. / It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim. （3）be afraid（害怕）的用法：记住几个结构：be afraid of sth; be afraid of （doing）; be afraid to （do）; 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 15 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载be afraid that从句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes. （她有点怕蛇） / Don t be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.（别害怕晚上一个人在家）/ I m afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.（恐怕有人要取代他了，因为他犯了那么大的错误）（4）be sorry （抱歉） 的用法： 记住几个结构： be sorry for （sth）; be sorry for （doing sth）; be sorry to （do）; be sorry that 从句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long. / I am sorry to trouble you. / I am sorry （that）he isn t here at the moment. （5）be sure （确信）的用法：记住几个结构：be sure of （sth）; be sure to（do）; be sure that从句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come./ Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it s wrong./ I am sure that Dad will help me with the job. （6）make 与 do 的用法： 一般情况下表示进行活动或者做工作用do，表示创造建构某事物用make. 如：I don t know what to do. / I m not going to do any work. / My father and I once made a boat. 此外还要记住一些固定说法：do good / harm / business / ones best / a favourmake a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,. （7）put on、wear、haveon、be in、try on、dress的用法： put on强调“穿、戴”这个动作过程，wear 则表示“穿着、戴着”这一状态，have衣物 on 主要表示状态，be in（颜色 /衣物）也是表示一个状况，dress （人）表示“给 人穿衣”。如：Please put on your new shoes. / The twins are wearing the same clothes. / Today she has an overcoat on./ Do you know the woman who is in black?/ Dad is dressing Tom now. 注意 dress与 wear或 put on 的区别：wear或 put on 常用衣物作宾语，而dress常用作宾语。表示给自己穿衣时常用“get dressed ”或“ dress oneself ”表达。be dressed in 与 wear基本同义。 dress up意为“穿上盛装、 乔装打扮”。 如：Could you dress the baby for me? / He is eight but can t dress himself. / She was dressed in a red coat. / Do I have to dress up to go to Jim s party?（8）like、love与 enjoy的用法：三个词都含有“喜欢”的意思，但是，like 和 enjoy后面跟动名词，love 后面一般跟动词不定式。like 后面有时跟动词不定式，表示一种习惯或嗜好（往往与具体的时间或地点有关）。enjoy后面还可以加名词、 反身代词， 表示“享受 乐趣；玩得开心”。 如：Do you like shopping?/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon. / They love to sing foreign songs. / Did you enjoy yourself at the party?/ He enjoys living in China. （9）study、learn 的用法：study主要表示“学习、研究” ，指过程；而learn 主要表示“学会” ，指结果。表示“学”时可以互换。如：How many subjects do you study? / Have you learned it yet? / How long have you studied/learned English?learn 还可以表示“听说” ，如： He learned the musician himself was in town . （10）think、want、would like 的用法：三个词都含有“想”的意思，但think 指“思考、考虑” ，want 指“想要、愿望、企图”，would like 指“想要”，think 后面一般跟介词短语或从句，want和 would like 后面跟名词或动词不定式。 如：Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years? / I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min. / What do you really want to say? / Which of these cakes would you like （to have）?（11）look for、searchfor、find、find out 的用法： 前面两个词语表示动作过程，后面两个表示结果，look for 指“寻找”不见的或丢失的东西，但还没有找到； searchfor 指“为找而搜寻” ；find 指“找到” 了东西； find out主要指“查明一个事实真相” 。如：Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?/ Have you found the lost key to your car? / The soldiers were searching the room for the spy when they heard a loud noise. / Let s try to find out who broke the window . 注解 find 的几个结构： find sb. sth “为某人找到” ，find sth./sb. adj./n.“发觉某人是” ，find it adj.to do（或宾语从句） “发现（做）如何”。如：His mother found her daughter a very clever girl. （名词作补语补足语）/ You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food.（12）listen to、hear 的用法： 两个词与听觉有关，listen to指“听” 这一过程， hear 指“听到” 这一结果。 如：Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words . （13）look、see、watch、read 的用法：四个词均与眼睛有关，look指放眼去“看” （不管是否看得到） ，指“看”的过程； see指“看见”这一结果，有时see还引申为“明白” ，表示“看”时后面加“电影”等词；watch指专注精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 15 页优秀学习资料欢迎下载的看，含有“注视、监视”之义，后面常跟“电视、比赛”等词；read 限制为看书面材料，译为“看、阅读”，后面跟 “书、 报纸、杂志” 等词。 如：What are you looking at? / Please look at the blackboard. / Let me go to see the film, mum, will you? / He won t feel well until he finishes watching the football match./ Reading gives us knowledge. （14）hear、hear of、hear from、learn 的用法：hear“听说”，后面可以跟名词、代词、从句表示听见的内容，hear of“听说”，后面跟人，指对某人有耳闻但没有见过面；hear from“收到 的来信”，后面加人；learn“听说、得知”， 后面跟从句， 含义与 hear 相似。如：I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight./ Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? / How often do you hear from your father? / He learned the musician himself was in town . （15）speak、talk、say、tell 的用法：四个词与“说”有关。speak “讲话、发言、演说” ，是不及物动词，涉及人时要加介词 to， speak作及物动词时后面跟语言名称；talk“谈话、闲谈” ，是不及物动词，涉及人时用介词with、to 等，涉及事情时后面跟介词about 等； say 是及物动词，后面跟名词、代词、从句等，表示说的内容；tell 是及物动词，后面首先要跟人， 然后再跟从句或者介词短语等。如： Do you speak English?/ Who spoke at the meeting?/ Our teacher is talking to Lin Tao s parent./ Can you say it in English? / Please tell me something about the strange flying ob