高中英语语法总结大全之动词的时态语态 2.docx

精品名师归纳总结一般现在时的用法动词的时态、语态可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结1) 常常性或习性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every , sometimes,at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。留意：此用法假如显现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例： Columbus proved that the earth is round.4) 现在时刻的状态、才能、性格、个性。I don't want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较： Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时, 用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬时动作。 再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back.其次句中的 now 是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有： yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。Where did you go just now. 2）表示在过去一段时间内,常常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth" 到 时间了 "" 该 了" It is time sb. did sth. " 时间已迟了 "" 早该 了"It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。would had rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事 ' I'd rather you came tomorrow.4 wish, wonder, think, hope等用过去时,作摸索性的询问、恳求、建议等。I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。Christine was an invalid all her life.含义：她已不在人间。 Christine has been an invalid all her life.含义：她现在仍活着 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. 含义：现在仍住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去留意： 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend等。Did you want anything else.I wondered if you could help me. 2）情态动词 could, would.Could you lend me your bike.used to/be used to可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结used to + do：" 过去常常 "表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful.Scarf used to take a walk. 过去常常漫步 be used to + doing： 对 已感到习惯,或 "习惯于 " , to 是介词,后需加名词或动名词。He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk. 现在习惯于漫步 典型例题- Your phone number again. Iquite catch it.- It's 69568442.A. didn'tB. couldn'tC. don't D. can't答案 A.一般将来时1shall 用于第一人称,常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求看法常常用于其次人称。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening. 2be going to + 不定式,表示将来。a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow.b. 方案,支配要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month 。c. 有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3be +不定式表将来,按方案或正式支配将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4be about to +不定式,意为立刻做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.留意： be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。be going to/will用于条件句时,be going to 表将来will 表意愿If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. be to 和 be going tobe to 表示客观支配或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主观的准备或方案。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 客观支配 I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 主观支配 一般现在时表将来1）以下动词： come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或支配好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus star. It stars in ten minutes. 2）倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如：Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3） 在时间或条件句中。When Bill comes 不是 will come, ask him to wait for me. I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.4） 在动词 hope, take care that, make sure that 等后。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.用现在进行时表示将来意为： " 意图" 、" 准备 "、" 支配 "、常用于人。常用词为come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay 等。I'm leaving tomorrow.Are you staying here till next week.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在仍存在。也可表示连续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have has +过去分词。比较过去时与现在完成时 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯表达过去的事情,强调动作。现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。2） 过去常常与详细的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week, ago, in1980, in October, just now,详细的时间状语共同的时间状语 :this morning, tonight,this April, now, once, before, already, recently , lately现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语3） 现在完成时可表示连续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是连续性的, 如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know.过去常常用的非连续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等。举例：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。）Why did you get up so early.（强调起床的动作已发生过了。） Who hasn't handed in his paper.（强调有卷子,可能为不公正竞争。） She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for three years.在团内的状态可连续 He has been a League member for three years.是团员的状态可连续 He joined the League three years ago. 三年前入团, joined 为短暂行为。 I have finished my homework now.-Will somebody go and get Dr. White.-He's already been sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960 ）时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。（错） Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对） Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.用于现在完成时的句型1） It is the first / second time结构中. 的tha从t 句部分,用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2） This is the th结at构, that 从句要用现在完成时 .This is the best film that I've ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time that I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题(1) -Do you know our town at all.-No, this is the first time Ihere.A. wasB. have beenC. cameD. am coming答案 B. This is the first time后面所加从句应为现在完成时,应选B。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结(2) -Have youbeen to our town before.-No, it's the first time Ihere.A. even, comeB. even, have comeC. ever, comeD. ever, have come答案 D. ever 意为曾经或无论何时, 反意词为 never,此两词常用于完成时。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause的句型中,从句要用完成时。留意：非连续性动词的否定形式可以与表示连续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以连续的。（错） I have received his letter for a month.（对） I haven't received his letter for almost a month.比较 since 和 forSince 用来说明动作起始时间,for 用来说明动作连续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.留意：并非有 for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years. 我现在已不在这里工作。 I have worked here for many years.现在我仍在这里工作。小窍门：当现在完成时 +一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很简单就能排除非连续动词在完成时中的误使。1对 Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2错 Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.明显,其次句不对,它应改为Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. since 的四种用法1) since +过去一个时间点如详细的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six 。I have been here since 1989.2) since +一段时间 + agoI have been here since five months ago.3) since +从句Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.4) It is + 一段时间 + since 从句It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.连续动词与瞬时动词1 用于完成时的区分连续动词表示体会、经受。瞬时动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。表结果 I've known him since then.我从那时起就熟悉他了。表经受 2用于 till / until从句的差异连续动词用于确定句,表示" 做 直到 " 瞬时动词用于否定句,表示"到 ,才"He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到 10 点才回来。He slept until ten o'clock.他始终睡到 10 点。典型例题1. You don't need to describe her. Iher several times.A. had met B. have met C. metD. meet答案 B.2.-I'm sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. Ihere only a few minutes.A. have beenB. had beenC. wasD. will be答案 A.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结过去完成时1） 概念：表示过去的过去-|-|-|->其构成是 had +过去分词构成。那时以前那时现在2） 用法a. 在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。She said that she had never been to Paris.b. 状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时。发生在后,用一般过去时。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等,用过去完成时表示"原本 , 未能 "We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.3过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as 。He said that he had learned some English before.By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.典型例题The studentsbusily when Miss Brown went to get a book shein the office.A. had written, left B , were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left答案 D. " 把书忘在办公室 " 发生在 " 去取书 " 这一过去的动作之前,因此" 忘了书 " 这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when 表示的是时间的一点,表示在" 同学们正忙于 "这一背景下, when 所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。留意： had no when仍没等 就had no sooner than刚 就He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.用一般过去时代替完成时1两个动作如按次序发生,又不强调先后,或用then, and, but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。When she saw the mouse, she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.2 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时。如第一个动作需要如干时间完成,用过去完成时。When I heard the news, I was very excited.3表达历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.将来完成时1) 构成 will / be going to do sth.2) 概念a. 状态完成：表示某事连续到将来某一时为止始终有的状态。b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或一获得的体会。They will have been married for 20 years by then.You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.现在进行时现在进行时的基本用法：a. 表示现在 指说话人说话时 正在发生的事情。We are waiting for you.b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。Mr. Green is writing another novel.说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.c. 表示渐变的动词有： get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin 等。The leaves are turning red.It's getting warmer and warmer.d. 与 always, constantly, forever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或连续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观颜色。You are always changing your mind.典型例题My dictionary, I have looked for it everywhere but stillit.A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't findC. has lost, haven't foundD. is missing, haven't found.答案 D.前句是一个仍在连续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍旧存在,应用完成时, 瞬时动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。不用进行时的动词1) 事实状态的动词have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue I have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.2) 心理状态的动词Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hateI need your help.He loves her very much.3 瞬时动词accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice.4 系动词seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn You seem a little tired.过去进行时1） 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景。一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。3 常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.It was raining when they left the station.When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.典型例题1) Marya dress when she cut her finger.A. madeB. is makingC. was makingD. makes答案 C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when 表时间的同时性," 玛丽在做衣服时 "供应事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。2) As shethe newspaper, Grannyasleep.read。 was fallingB. was reading 。 fellC. was reading 。 was fallingD. read 。 fell答案 B. 句中的 as = when, while ,意为 "当 之时 "。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行。一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为"在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。" 句中的 fell fall的过去时 , 是系动词,后跟形容词,如：fall sick 。将来进行时1) 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按猜测将来会发生的事情。She'll be coming soon.I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.留意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志 ",不能说 I'll be having a talk with her. 2）常用的时间状语可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Soon, tomorrow, this evening , on Sunday, by this time , tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.一般现在时代替将来时时间状语从句,条件句中,从句用一般现在时代替将来时When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case that, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediatelyHe is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing.他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。典型例题1） He said heme a present unless Iin doing the experiment.A. had not given; had not succeededB. would not give; succeedC. will not give; succeedD. would not give; will succeed.答案 B.在时间,条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。此题有He said,故为过去式。主句用将来时,应选 B.此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。2 表示现在已支配好的将来事项,行程等活动。The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物馆明天 10 点开门。 实际上每天如此。一般现在时代替过去时1 " 书上说 ", "报纸上说 "等。The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的。2) 表达往事,使其生动。Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.一般现在时代替完成时1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.I hear = have heard he will go to London.I forget =have forgotten how old he is.2) 句型 " It is since代替""It has been since"3) It is = has been five years since we last met.一般现在时代替进行时句型： Here comes 。 There goes Look, here comes Mr. Li.现在进行时代替将来时1) 表示即将发生的或预定中方案好的活动。Are you staying with us this weekend.这周和我们一起度周末吗. We are leaving soon. 我们立刻就走。2) 渐变动词,如： get, run, grow, become, begin 及 die。He is dying.时态一样1) 假如从句所表达的为真理或不变的事实,就永久用现在时。At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.He told me last week that he is eighteen.2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。He thought that I need not tell you the truth.时态与时间状语时间状语一般现在时 every, sometimes,at, on Sunday,一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now一般将来时 next , tomorrow, in+ 时间 ,现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last eveningwhile when,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening动词的语态被动语态的构成被动语态由 “助动词 be及物动词的过去分词 ”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be 的变化表现出来的。现以 teach 为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。一般现在时： am is are taught一般过去时： was were taught一般将来时： will shall be taught现在进行时： am is are being taught过去进行时： have has been taught现在完成时： have has been taught记