2022年初中英语八年级下册Unit1知识点语法精讲精练 .pdf

Module 1 Social communication Unit 1 Helping those in need （ 1） Words raise v. 筹募，增高，增加permission n.准许，不可数名词ask permission 报请批准disabled adj.丧失能力的 able adj. 有能力的be able to = can offer v.主动提出offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事，serious adj. 严重的 ly adv. organize v. 组织organization n. lonely adj. 孤独的alone difficulty n. 困难difficult adj. 困难的hurt v.伤害hurt oneself 伤了自己(hurt , hurt ) pay v. 付费pay for 与 take cost spend 的区别（ 2） Phrases in need 需要帮助的voluntary work 义务工作ask permission 报请批准suffer from 因 受苦raise one s spirits 使振奋= cheer up in order to 目的在于so that 为的是与 so that 的区别make friends with 与交朋友look after = take care of = care for 照顾because of 因为与 because 的区别talk to / with / about 谈论teach sb. to do sth. 交某人做某事offer to do sth 主动提出做某事take photos of 照相help sb. do / with sth. 帮助某人做某事continue to do sth. 继续做某事need to do sth. 需要做某事in good health 身体健康be afraid of + n. / pron / doing害怕 enjoy oneself / doing 玩的愉快 /喜欢做某事decide to do sth. 决定做某事（ 3） Sentences 1 I met a girl called Cindy. 我遇见一个叫森迪的女孩。过去分词作后置定语called = named 2 We taught them to tell stories . 我们教他们讲故事。tell talk speak say 的区别tell “告诉，讲述 ” ，把某事 / 信息传达给别人tell stories tell a lie talk “交谈，讲话 ” ，talk to / with sb. talk about sth. speak “说，发言 ” ，+ 语言say “说” ， 强调说话的内容。3 We spent time with a girl called Vivien . 我们和一个叫薇薇安的女孩共度时光。spend “花费 ” 主语（人） + spend(s) + money / time + （in）doing sth. / on + n. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 36 页4 I taught them to sing because music can bring then joy and peace . 我教他们唱歌是因为音乐可以给他们带来快乐和宁静。teach sb. to do sth.教某人做某事bring take get carry 的区别bring “带来 ”+ 双宾语-来Remember to bring me the pictures. take “ 带到，去 ” 去-I won t take you here .get 去某处将某人/ 物带到说话人处Please get some paper for me . carry 强调负重或搬运Hecarried a baby on his back . 5 One of them had difficulty walking . 其中有一位病人行走困难。One of + 可数名词复数/ 代词复数谓语动词用单数One of + the + 形容词最高级+ 复数名词“ 最之一 ”6 He used to love sport until he hurt his legs in an accident . 他过去热爱运动，直到他在一起事故中双腿受伤。until “ 直到 才 ”a until 与延续性动词连用时，动词用肯定形式。e.g.We walked until it got dark . b until 与非延续性动词连用时，动词用否定形式。e.g.The little girl didn t stop crying until she saw her mother . (4)Grammar 动词不定式结构：to + 动词原形（有时 to 可省略）用法：1 作宾语（作及物动词的宾语，不作介词宾语）Remember to post the letter . 2 作宾补放在宾语后，表示宾语是什么或怎么样。ask , tell , like , love , hate , would like , teach , want , etc. e.g.The doctor wanted him to have a good rest . 3 作目的状语常用逗号与句子隔开，在末尾时，则不用。e.g.To get there on time , we set out at five in the morning . He goes there to enjoy the fresh air . (5)Practice millions of 数百万的be unable to不能be able to能 = can since then 从那时以来close to 靠近in order to 为了精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 36 页in hospital 生病住院in the hospital 在医院(6)Exercise 用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。1 I plan _ (go) to Canada this summer . 2 Did they enjoy _ (them) in the park ? 3 He decided _ (live) in another city . 4 It took us two hours _ (get) to Beijing by train . 5 A restaurant needs lots of water for _ (wash) the dishes . 6 What do we use _ (clean) toilets ? 7 My father is too tired . He needs _ (rest) . 8 Thank you for _ (look) after my sister . 9 Don t forget _ (close) the window when you leave .10 It is very bad _ (pollute) the groundwater . 11 They offered to _ (help) those in need . 12 He is _ (disabled) to swim in the river . 13 Jack was _ (serious) hurt in the accident . 14 Tom didn t come to school today because he was _ (illness) .15 I like _ (organize) parties .It is very interesting . 16 She fell onto the ground and felt very _ (pain) . 17 Last night , my parents went out . So I watched TV _ (lonely) . 18 Miss White has no friends , so she often feels _ (lonely) . 19 The new neighbour is very _ (friendship) . 20 This book is very _ (difficulty) for me . Unit 1 Helping those in need 一重点词汇详解： 1. Helping those in need. in need:意为 “ 有困难的 ” 常位于名词后作后置定语in need of 需要什么精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 36 页例： A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情！The buildings is in need of painting. 这座建筑需要粉涮。 2. Could you give me a hand? Here you are! give sb a hand: = 帮助某人 3. to ask permission to raise money （ 1）permission n. = agreement 准许；批准ask permission (to do sth) 报请批准permit v. - 过去式：- 过去分词：permit sb. to do sth. = . 允许某人做某事（2）raise v. 筹集；提升；增加=move it higher 第三人称单数：过去式：过去分词：现在分词：搭配： raise one s voice 提高嗓门； raise a family 养家糊口； raise money 筹款；raise price 提高价格； raise one s spirits 打起精神raise = keep 有“ 饲养，抚养 ” 的意思，如：raise children（抚养孩子）辨析： raise, rise(rise-rose-risen)的区别这两个词都有“ 提高，上升，增加” 的意思，但其用法不同。raise 是及物动词，其主语通常是人；而rise 是不及物动词，其主语通常是物。例如： The sun rises and bathes the earth. 太阳升起，普照大地。If you want to ask question, please raise your hand. 如果你想问问题，请举手！ 4. Three teenagers offered to do some voluntary work during the school holidays. （1）teenagers：n 青少年在口语中常用teen 来表示 “ 青少年 ”（2）offer：v. =be willing to do something 主动提出offer to do sth. 主动提出Peter offered to teach them water-skiing. 彼得主动提出教他们滑水。辨析： provide, offer, give 的区别：1). provide 仅仅是出于某种责任，强调提供必须用的东西，尤其是生活用品。常用于 provide sb. with sth. = provide sth. for sb. 的固定搭配中。2). offer 表示主动提供服务、工作等。常用于offer sb. sth.或 offer sth. to sb. 固定搭配中。例如： offer sb.主动提出帮助某人；offer sb. a good salary 给某人一个好工资。3). give 意为 “ 给” 常用于give sb sth=give sth to sb 给某人某物（3）voluntary ：adj. 自愿的，自发的；无偿的；adv：自愿地自愿者练习： 1. Schools need _ to help children to read. 学校需要义务工作者帮助儿童阅读。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 36 页2. In her spare time she does _work.她在业余时间做义工。 5. The children there all suffer from serious illnesses. （1） suffer：v （因疾病等）受苦，受折磨She suffered greatly as a child. 她童年深受苦难。suffer from 因 而痛苦 , 指长期的或习惯性的痛苦或困难。1). suffer from+ 疾病名词（或者他人闲言碎语、劳累、记忆力减退等），表示患病、为受苦。She suffers from headache. 她患头痛病。2). suffer from+ 自然灾害China suffered from bad floods in 2013. 2013年中国遭受严重的水灾（2） serious ：adj 严重的= bad and dangerous adv.serious 还有以下意思：1). 认真的：He is a serious student and works very hard. 他是一个认真的学生，学习非常努力。2). 严肃的：Be serious! Don t make fun of me. 严肃点！别拿我开玩笑！（3） illness n. （某种）病 = in bad health ill (adj.) 生病的 ; 坏的注意：当 illness 表示某种具体的疾病时，是可数名词，但当表示“ 疾病，生病期间” 是不可数名词。fall ill 病倒了feel ill 感觉不舒服、生病speak ill of sb. 说某人的短处例： The children there all suffer from serious illness. 那里的孩子都遭受疾病的折磨。同根词： ill adj. 有病的（比较级： worse, 最高级： worst）辨析： ill, sick 的区别：1). ill 和 sick 都有 “ 生病的； 有病的 ” 之意， 但用法并不完全相同。ill 表示 “ 生病的； 有病的 ” 这一意思时，一般用作表语，不能作定语；而sick 既可以作表语又可以作定语，如“ 病人 ” 可以说 a sick man 或 the sick, 但不能说 an ill man 或 the ill。例如： She is ill/sick in bed. 她卧病在床。She is looking after her sick father. 她在照顾她生病的父亲。2). sick 有“ 恶心的；厌倦的” 之意。例如： The smell makes me sick. 这气味使我感到恶心。ill 作定语修饰名词时是“ 坏的；邪恶的 ” 之意。例如： He is an ill child. 他是一个坏孩子。 6. We organized a painting competition for them. （1）organize v. 组织策划(n.) 组织者(n.) 组织精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 36 页（2）competition n. 竞赛(v.) 竞赛(n.) 竞赛者(adj.) 有竞争力的 7. I met a girl called Cindy. Called 被叫做=named 名为The girl called Lucy is one of the best students in our school. 那个被叫做Lucy 的女孩是我们学校最好的学生之一 8. We taught them to tell stories. Taught - (一般现在时 )：教师：用法： teach sb to do sth 教某人做某事teach sb how to do sth 教某人怎样做某事Teach us English 教某人英语teach oneself 自学9. This helps them express their feelings. （ 1）help v/n 意为 “ 帮助 ”用法： help sb to do sth/do sth 帮助某人做某事help sb with sth 帮助某人某事With the help of sb = with one s help 在 的帮助下（2）express v. 表达；表露(n.) 表达 ;表情 ; 习惯用语 (常用复数 ) 当 express 表示 “ 表达，表示 ” 之意是后不加双宾语1). He expressed his thanks to her. 2). He expresses her his thanks. X练习：1). Words cannot _ how pleased I am. 言语无法表达我的愉快心情。2). Teenagers often have difficulty _ themselves. 青少年在表达思想方面常常有困难。10. My friends dont understand my pain. pain n (身体上的 )疼痛adj 痛苦的，烦恼的11. She is unhappy and very lonely. lonely adj 孤独的，寂寞的辨析： lonely，alone 的区别：1). alone 既可以用作形容词，又可以用作副词，意为“ 独自的（地），单独的（地） ” ，侧重于说明独自一人，没有同伴或助手，指的是客观情况，alone 用作形容词时，一般与be 动词连用，在句子中作表语She is alone at home. I like to work alone. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 36 页2). Lonely 只作形容词，在句子中既可以作定语，又可以作表语，其比较级和最高级形式：lonelier-loneliest Lonely 用作定语时，意为“ 无人烟的，荒凉的，偏僻的” 等，用作表语时，可以表示“ 孤独的，寂寞的 ” 之意，带有浓厚的感情色彩，具有“ 渴望得到同伴 ” 的含义。That is a lonely island. I was alone but I didnt feel lonely. 11. She needs friendship. friendship n. 友情；友谊同根词： friend n. 朋友复数： friends. friendly adj. 友好的friendliness n. 友善12. I will continue to visit Vivien. continue to do sth = go on doing sth 意为 “ 继续做某事 ”13. I wanted to help disabled children. disabled adj. 有伤残的；丧失能力的；不中用I taught disabled children to sing. 我教残疾的孩子唱歌。同根词： disable v. = make (sb.) unable to do sth. 使无能力；使残废，使伤残the disable 表示残疾这一类人。enable v. = make (sb.) able to do sth. 使（某人）能够做某事搭配： mentally disabled 有智力缺陷learning disabilities 学习障碍14. They have difficulty walking and moving. have difficulty (in) doing sth 表示 “ 做某事有困难” = have trouble (in) doing sth 若后接名词：则常用have difficulty with sth 的结构15. Because music can bring them joy and peace. joy (n.) = happiness / pleasure高兴，喜悦，快乐(adj.)高兴的(adv.)高兴地to one s joy 使某人高兴的是.练习：1. Looking after the baby is both painful and . 2. They greeted him _ _. 3. We should study with _ _. peace n. 平静；宁静adj. 和平的；爱好和平的；安静的；平静的t he Nobel Peace Prize 诺贝尔和平奖Evening in the country is a very peaceful time. 乡村里的今晚是平静安谧的时刻。16. He hurt his legs in an accident, but he has lots of courage. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 36 页courage n. 勇气；勇敢He showed great courage and determination. 他表现得十分勇敢和果断。同根词： encourage v. 鼓励，鼓舞；支持；促进；encourage sb to sth 鼓励某人做某事My English teacher often encourages us to read English aloud. Unit 1 Helping those in need 一 . 按要求写单词。permission（动词）：volunteer（形容词）：ill （名词）：lonely （比较级）：difficult （名词）：pain（形容词）：expression（动词）：joy（形容词）：pay（过去式）：organize（名词）：peaceful（名词）：raise（现在分词） ：二 . 从方框中选择适当的短语并用其正确形式填空。ask permission raise money in need voluntary work offer to suffer from spend time with continue to have difficulty raise ones spirits 1. My grandfather has a serious heart disease for a long time. 2. My friend drive me to the airport last week because it was raining hard and I couldn t find a taxi. 3. The students completing the project without any help from adults. So most of them asked their parents for help. 4. I think you need to before you use Wendy s computer.5. We should use the money to help those people . 6. I don t want to go to Paris for such a short holiday. I d rather stay at home and my kids. 7. Cheer up. Simon! Drink a cup of coffee now and it may . 8. The students at Guangzhou Middle School will for the children in poor areas. 9. Nowadays, more and more teenagers take part in to help people they don t know at all.10. After Judy completed her Maths homework, she do more Physics exercises. 三 . 根据划线部分在句中的意思，找出意思最接近的选项。1. The ole man is ill in these days. A. worried B. in good health C. in bad health D. nervous 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 36 页2. If you know the answer, please raise your hand. A. get up B. put up C. use up D. stand up 3. Do you have trouble learning English. A. difficulty B. decisions C. memory D. ideas 4. The fans were very happy when the team won the final match. A. in trouble B. in low spirits C. in high spirits D. in danger 5. Jack got up early to catch the school bus. A. because of B. instead of C. so that D.in order to 6. After his wife died, he lived alone. A. unhappily B. by himself C. lonely D. badly 7. Tony didn t go to school because he was sick yesterday. A. lonely B. ill C. glad D. fit 8. They offered to help those in need. A. refused to B. provided C. were willing to give D. helped 9. They have permission to build 500 new schools. A. are made B. have decision C. have direction D. are allowed 10. Tim fell off the bike and hurt his legs. A. injured B. made C. expressed D. stayed 四用括号内所给单词的适当形式完成句子。1. They have (difficult) walking or moving. 2. Why do you think it is very important to ask your parents . (permit) 3. Mother (pay) ten dollars for the English dictionary. 4. In her spare time she does _ (volunteer) work. 5. Looking after the baby is both painful and (joy). 6. I am really hungry. Can I stop (eat) something. 7. Mr. Liu often teaches us how (speak) English well. 8. I asked him (lend) me ten Yuan, but he didn t.9. Let s (go) shopping today if it doesn t rain.10. It took me two days (finish) the job. 11. Please tell the boys (not make) any noise, my baby is sleeping. 12. The girl (name) Lucy is one of the best students in our school. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 36 页13. If you know the answer, you can (raise) your hand. 14. You should (expression) your feeling clearly. 15. I didn t decide when (go) yesterday. 语法：动词不定式动词不定式是一种非谓语动词，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。动词不定式的基本形式是“to+ 动词原形 ” ，但 to 有时可以省略。动词不定式在句子中不做谓语，所以没有人称、数和时态的变化。一动词不定式作宾语：基本结构：动词+动词不定式动词不定式可以在agree, choose, decide, learn, plan, hope, promise, want, seem, would, like 等后面做宾语。如： I want to play basketball. 我想玩篮球。I agree to meet Susan outside the cinema. 我同意在电影院外跟苏珊见面。 有些动词后面可以跟“ 疑问词 +动词不定式 ” 这种结构，这些动词包advise，ask，decide，discuss，forget，know，learn，remember， show，teach，tell 等如： We teach him how to walk. 我们教他走路。I forgot what to do. 我忘记要做什么了。二动词不定式作宾语补足语：基本结构：动词+宾语（名词 /代词） +动词不定式动词不定式作宾语补足语时，有带to 和省略 to 的两种情况。（1）常跟带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有advise， ask，tell，order，invite，allow ，wish，get， want，encourage 等。如 : My teacher often encourages us to study hard. 我的老师经常鼓励我们要努力学习。Tom asked me not to sleep in class. Tom 叫我不要在课堂上睡觉。（2）常跟省略to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：使役动词let, make, have 等，感官动词see, feel, notice 等。 如： You can let the girl go first. 你可以让那个女孩子先走。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 36 页I saw him open the door. 我看见他开门。三动词不定式表目的：动词不定式还可以用来表示某一动作或状态的目的。动词不定式也可以位于句首。如： She went to the department store to buy a new book. 她去百货商店是为了买本新书。To learn English well, you should speak English as much as possible. 想学好英语， 应该尽可能多的说英语。动词不定式专题练习一用括号内“ 动词 +动词不定式 ” 的结构完成下列句子。1.It is spring now. Our monitor_ (want, organize) a class trip. 2.What would you _ (like, drink), tea or coffee? 3.I _ (hope, travel) around the world when I grow up. 4.At last, her parents _ (agree, live) in the city with her. 5.Sandy _ (prepare, make) a speech at the evening party now. 6.The two boys will_ (learn, swim) in the Swimming Club. 7.You have poor eyesight, so you can _ (choose, sit) in the front of the classroom. 8.Please_ (remember, close) the door when you leave the room. 9.Dont _ (forget, take) an umbrella with you because it is going to rain. 10. Look! The little girl_ (try, wake) her mum up. 11. The police _ (make) everyone _ (leave) the building at once. 12. The driver_ (let) the old. _ (travel) on the bus without a ticket. 13. Jack _ (have) his brother _ (wash) the dishes yesterday. 14. I dont_ (let) people _ (smoke) in my car! 二连词成句。注意使用正确的时态：1. (Tomorrow/l/encourage/Janet/enter/the competition.) _ 2. (I was already tired, but I/force/myself go on working.) _ 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 36 页3.(Ann/teach/Mary/drive/last year.) _ 4. (Dont worry! Tomorrow I/persuade/my father/see/a doctor.) _ 5. (Last Sunday, John/invite/Sheila/come/for lunch.) _ 6. (Next year the teachers/allow/the students /use/ calculators in exams.) _ 三 .根据括号中的内容提示,用动词不定式完成句子: 1. (Policewoman: Can everyone please stay indoors?) The policewoman asked everyone _ 2. (Jane: Remember to come home ear