2022年最新人教版八年级英语下册各单元语法点汇总 .pdf

1 Unit 1 What s the matter? 一、询问某人的健康问运及遭到麻烦的表达方法 (1)询问某人患了何种疾病或遇到了何种麻烦时，常用以下几种结构来表达：What s the matter (with sb )?（某人）怎么了？What s wrong (with sb )?（某人）怎么了？What s the trouble (with sb )?（某人）出什么事了？What happened (to sb )?（某人）发生了什么事？Are you OK? 你没事吧？Is there anything wrong with sb. ？某人有什么事吗？(2)要表达身体疼痛或不舒服，可用以下结构：某人 +have/has+病症The twins have colds双胞胎感冒了。某人 +have/has+a+headache/toothache/stomachache/backache/earache. She had a stomachache last night她昨晚肚子痛。某人 +have/has+a+sore+发病部位 He has a sore throat 他喉咙痛。某人 +hurt(s)+ 身体部位或反身代词 He hurt his leg.他的腿受伤了。某部位 +hurt(s). My head hurts badly 我头痛得厉害。某人 +have/has+a pain+in one s+身体部位， I have a pain in my chest我胸口痛。(There is)something wrong with one s+身体部位There is something wrong with my right eye 我的右眼有毛病。其他表达方式She has a heart trouble她有心脏病。He got hit on the head 他头部受到了撞击。She cut her finger她割破手指了。二 情态动词 should 的用法1Should 为情态动词，意为“应该；应当”，否定式为shouldn t，其后接动词原形，无人称和数的变化。常用来表示征询意见、建议、劝告、要求或义务等。 You should drink hot water with honey 你应该喝加有蜂蜜的开水。He should put his head back 他应该把头后仰。We should try our best to help him. 我们应当尽力去帮助他。 You shouldnt watch TV .你不应该看电视。2 Should 用于主语为第一人称的疑问句，表示征询意见。 Should I put some medicine on it? 我应当给它敷上药吗？ Should we tell her about it? 我们应该告诉她这件事吗？【拓展】在英语中，表示建议的说法有很多，而且都是中考考查的重点。主要结构有：Would you like (to do) sth ？你想要愿意（做）某事吗？Would you like to play basketball with me?你想要和我一起打篮球吗？Shall I/we do sth ? 我我们做, 好吗？ Shall we go to the zoo tomorrow? 明天我们去动物园，好吗？Why not do sth ?为什么不 , 呢？ Why not join us? 为什么不加入到我们当中来呢？How/What about doing sth ? 做某事怎么样？ How about going swimming? 去游泳怎么样？Let s do sth 让我们做 , 吧。 Let s go home咱们回家吧。You d better (not) do sth 你最好（不）要做某事。 You d better not go there alone你最好不要一个人去那儿。Unit 2 Ill help clean up the city parks 动词不定式A. 作主语为避免句子的头重脚轻，常用it 作为形式主语，而真正的主语动词不定式后置。常用句型：It +be+adj./n.+(for/of sb.) to do sth./It takes sb. some time to do sth. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 6 页2 B. 作宾语动词want, decide, hope, ask, agree, choose, learn, plan, need, teach, prepare 常接动词不定式作宾语。C. 作（后置）定语常用于“have/hassth. to do”或“ enough名 to do” “It s time to do sth.”等结构中。D. 作 宾 语 补 足 语 tell, ask, want, invite, teach, like, call等 可 接 带to 的 动 词 不 定 式 作 宾 语 补 足 语 ， 构 成tell/ask/want /call/invite sb. to do sth. 结构。【注意】动词不定式作使役动词和感官动词的宾语补足语时应省去to： “一感 (feel)，二听 (listen to, hear)，三让(let, make, have,，四看 (look at, see, watch, notice) ，半帮助 (help)” 。 E. 动词不定式作状语主要用来修饰动词，表示目的，结果或原因。为了强调目的，有时可以把动词不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加in order (to) 或 so as (to) “为了，目的是” 。常用结构有too + adj./adv. + to do sth.等。 F. 固定句式中动词不定式的用法常见的形式有：had better (not) do sth./Would you like to do sth.?/Why not do sth.?/Would you please (not) do sth.?等。Unit 3 Could you please clean your room Could you please.?句型（1）请求别人时通常用此句型，也可以说：Can you.please?情态动词 could 或 can 在这里均表示请求，在意思上无区别，但是用could 在于其上显得更委婉、客气、诚恳。在日常生活中常使用could you/I.? 若在句末加上please，则显得更礼貌。 Could you help me find my book,please? 你能帮我找到我的书吗？（2）对 could you/I.? 的问句作出肯定回答，常用“sure/certainly/of course ”等；如果作否定回答，常用“sorry 或oh,please dont” 。 一般不用no 开头，用 no 显得语气生硬、不礼貌。（3）表示请求的句式：Would you like to do.? Would you mind doing.? Let s do. Shall I/we do.? Please do.(祈使句前加please) 提示： could you please.与 could I Please.两种问句，前者是请求别人帮忙的句式，后者是有礼貌地向别人请求允许的交际用语。试比较：Could you please help me?请你帮我一下好吗？Could I please invite my friends to my birthday party,Mom? 妈妈， 我能邀请我的朋友参加我的生日聚会吗？Unit 4 Why dont you talk to your parents? 1.提建议向别人发出邀请，请求，建议，或征求某人的意见的其他表达方式：How /what about doing sth.? （ about 是个介词，可跟名词或动名词）“怎么样？”You d better (not) do something. “你最好（不）做某事”Would you like sth ?:“你想要某物Let? s do sth? What should I do ? ( should 表示请求、征询对方意见) 2.学会谈论问题和学会用why dont you 提建议向别人发出邀请，请求，建议，或征求某人的意见的表达方式：Why don ? t you do something? =Why not do something? 你为什么不做某事呢？来表示请求、征询对方意见 until, so that ,although 引导的状语从句：1)until ：在带有till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。 如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到才”, “在以前不”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。Don? t get off until the bus stops. 2）so that 引导目的状语从句（为了，以便）例如：He studies hard so that he could work better in the future 3）although 的用法意思相当于though（尽管， 虽然） ，引导让步状语从句。引导的从句不能与并列连词but，and， so等连用，但可以和yet， still 等词连用。例如： Although he was tired, he went on working. 尽管他很累，但是他继续工作。Unit 5 What were you doing when the rainstorm came？过去进行时1. 基本概念：过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或一段时间内正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间除有上下文暗示以外, 一般用时间状语来表示。2. 结构 was / were ( not ) + 动词 -ing 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 6 页3 3. 句式肯定式：I/He/She/It was working. We/You/They/ were working. 否定式 : I/He/She/It was not working. We/You/They/ were not working. 疑问式和简略回答: Was I working? Yes, you were. No, you were not. Were you working? Yes, I was. No, I was not. Was he/she/it working? Yes, he/she/it was. No, he/she/it was not. Were we/you/they working? Yes, you/we/they were. No, you/we/they were not. 注：1) was not 常缩略为wasn t; were not 常缩略为weren t。2) 一般过去时与过去进行时用法的比较: 一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生过的动作或存在的状态, 而过去进行时则表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。例如 : David wrote a letter to his friend last night. 大卫昨晚给他的朋友写了封信。(信写完了。 ) David was writing a letter to his friend last night. 大卫昨晚一直在给他的朋友写信。(信不一定写完。) 4.过去进行时中的when 和 while when, while 区别：1) 由 when 引导的时间状语从句，主句用过去进行时，从句应用一般过去时；由 while 引导的时间状语从句，主句用一般过去时，从句应用过去进行时。When the teacher came in, we were talking. 当此句改变主从句的位置时，则为： While we were talking, the teacher came in. 2)如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用while 引导。如：They were singing while we were dancing. Unit 6 An old man tried to move the mountains 1. unless 引导条件状语从句 unless = if not 除非，若不They will go tomorrow unless it rains. = They will go tomorrow if it doesn t rains. 2. as soon as引导时间状语从句。就 He will come and see you as soon as he can. 3. so.that 引导结果状语从句句型 1：主语 +谓语 +so+形容词 /副词 +that 从句The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. 句型 2： so +形容词 + a/an + 单数名词 + that 从句It was so hot a day that they all went swimming. 句型 3. so + many/ few + 复数名词 + that 从句He has so few friends that he often feels lonely. 句型 4： so +much/ little + 不可数名词 + that 从句 I had so little money that I couldn t buy a pen. Unit 7 What s the highest mountain in the world? 形容词副词的原级、比较级和最高级（一）原级句型：1. A is as+原级 + as+ B 表示 A 与 B 一样 eg: He is as tall as me. 2.A is not as/so +原级 + as B 表示 A 不如 Beg:He is not as tall as me. 3.只能修饰原级的词，very，quite，so，too，so, enough, pretty 等例如， He is too tired to walk on. 他太累了以至于不能再继续走了。（二）比较级句型可以修饰比较级的词，much， a lot，far，的多a little，a bit，一点儿 even 甚至， still 仍然精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 6 页4 Eg. Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.第一课比第二课容易得多。Tom looks even younger than before. 汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。1.当句中有than 时则用比较级。 eg: He is fatter than me. 2当句子中的比较对象为两者时用比较级：“特殊疑问词 +be+形容词比较级，A or B ？”eg: Which is bigger ， the earth or the moon？哪一个大，地球还是月球？3. “比较级 +and+比较级”表示“越来越”。 eg.The flowers are more and more beautiful. 花儿越来越漂亮。加 more 构成比较级的形容词则用more and more +形容词表示越来越eg: English is more and more important. 4. “the+比较级， the+比较级”表示“越，越”。Eg. The more careful you are ，the fewer mistakes you ll make. 5.“A+be+the+ 形容词比较级+of the two+ ”表示“ A 是两者中较的” 。Eg.Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two. 6.A+be+ 形容词比较级 +than+any other+ 单数名词 (+介词短语 )”表示“ A 比同一范围的任何一个人/物都”，含义是“ A 最”。Eg. The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China. =The Yangtze River is the longest river in China. （三）最高级常用句型结构1 “主语 +be+the+形容词最高级+单数名词 +in/of 短语”表示“是中最的”。 eg：Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students. This apple is the biggest of the five. 2 “主语 +be+one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词 +in/of 短语”表示“是中最之一”。Eg：Beijing is one of the largest cities in China. 3“特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级 +A， B，or C？”用于三者以上eg Which is the biggest? The moon,the sun or ths earth? 4.“the +序数词 +最高级 +单数名词 +范围”。表示是第几大（） eg: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China . 【注意】形容词最高级之前要加the，但当最高级之前有形容词性物主代词或名词所有格时则不用加the eg: He is the best student in my class. He is my best friend. （四）形容词副词的规则与不规则变化规则变化 1.一般在词尾直接加er 或 est，例如， tall-taller-tallest ，long-longer-longest 2.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r 或 st，例如， nice-nicer-nicest 3.以辅音字母 +y 结尾的词，把y 变为 i，再加 er 或 est，例如，heavy-heavier-heaviest 4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加er 或 est，eg. big-bigger-biggest 5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more 构成比较级和most 构成最高级，例如，slowly-more slowly-most slowly；beautiful- more beautiful-most beautiful 不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/well better best bad/badly/ill worse worstmany/much more mostlittleless least far farther farthest further furthest精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 6 页5 old older Oldest(无血缘关系的 )elder eldest（有血缘关系） Unit 8 Have you read Treasure Island yet? Unit 9 Have you ever been to a museum? 现在完成时 (Present Perfect Tense) （1）表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。Its so dark. 太黑了。Someone has turned off the light. 有人把灯关上了。（2）表示从过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与 since+过去的时间点，for+一段时间， since+时间段 +ego, so far 等时间状语连用。Eg. I have lived here for ten years. 我已经住在这里10 年了。 （从 10 年前开始，持续到现在还住这儿）Eg. I have lived here since 2003. 自从 2003 年我就住在这儿。 （从 2003 年开始，持续到现在还住这儿）（3） 基本结构及句型转换：主语+have/has+过去分词 (done) (当主语是第三人称单数has,其余人称用have。) 肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词 +其他I have finished my homework. ( 肯定句 ) 否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词 +其他I have not finished my homework. （否定句）一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语 +过去分词 +其他Have you finished your homework? Yes, I have. / No, I havent, （一般疑问句及肯定、否定回答）（4）has gone (to), has been (to), has been (in) 的区别 Have/Has gone(to) :去了 (现在不在说话现场) Eg. -Where is your father ？-He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）Eg. My father has been to Shanghai. Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）Eg. My father has been in Shanghai for two months. =My father has been in Shanghai since two months ago. （5）现在完成时的标志：常与 just, already, yet, ever, never, before, so far 等连用，强调动作的完成，不强调动作的持续。Have you ever been to Japan? I have just finished my homework. for + 时间段； since + 过去的时间点；since + 段时间 ago；since + 一般过去时的句子。They have known each other for five years. Since he was a child, he has lived in England. （6）动词过去式和过去分词的变化规则变化： 1. 一般在动词词尾直接加ed。如：pick picked picked; wish wished wished; stay stayed stayed 2. 以不发音的e结尾的动词后面加d。如：like liked liked; hope hoped hoped; phone phoned phoned 3. 以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，变y 为 i，再加 -ed。如：study studied studied; hurry hurried hurried; reply replied replied 4. 词尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节动词，要双写辅音字母，再加-ed。如：stop stopped stopped; clap clapped clapped 不规则变化：5. 以不变应万变。如：let let let; put put put; read read read 6. 若中间有双写e，则去掉一个e，单词末尾再加t。如：feel felt felt; keep kept kept; sleep slept slept 7. 结尾的字母d 变 t。如： lend lent lent; build built built; send sent sent 8. 变为以 -ought 或-aught 结尾。如： buy bought bought; bring brought brought; catch caught caught; teach taught taught 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 6 页6 Unit 10 Ive had this bike for three years. 短暂性动词（ buy, die, join, finish等）不能直接与for, since 连用， 需要改变动词。1）begin(start)-be on 2) open-be open 3)become-be 4)die-be dead 5) fall asleep- be asleep 6)close - be closed 7)end/ finish-be over 8) put on-wear 9)leave- be away(from) 10)catch a cold-have a cold 11)join the army-in the army/be a soldier 12)borrow-keep 13)join the party- be in the party/ be a party member 14) buy-have 15)come/go/ arrive/reach/get /move to -be in /at 总结： 1.现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果；2.还可以表示过去发生的动作,一直持续到现在，也有可能持续下去. 3.一般情况下， for+时间段； since+过去的时间点；since + 段时间 ago；since + 一般过去时的句子4.句型：现在完成时态（have/has+延续性动词的过去分词）+ for/ since. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 6 页