英国城市复习课程.ppt

英国城市 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life, there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望2022-7-1121. LondonSituated on the Thames River near its mouth Capital city of UK The history can be traced back to 1st century 2022-7-113Central London Present-day London includes 33 boroughs the City of Londonthe City of Westministerdistricts in the West Endv Important companies and streets in the City of Londanv1. Lloyds: a famous insurance companyv2. Threadneedle Street: most financial activitiesBank of EnglandBank of England2022-7-1163. The Tower of London On the bank of the river at the eastern boundary of the City of London; built by William the Conqueror, used as a military fortress and then as a prison;public museum of arms and royal treasures4. The Newspaper IndustryConcentrated in the Fleet Street5. The East End Street to the east of the City of London and the Tower of London Times and other papers moved to quarters at the Docklands in the East Endthe British people celebrated the Queens 80th birthday . September, 2006, one year after the occurrence of Hurricane Katrina, a scripture of Virgin Maria holding Christ with the Script and stars appeared in New Orleans。 Famous for crimesA building in the east end street6. Southwark around the southern end of London Bridgedisreputable entertainment center of brothels, bars, and theatres outside of the Citys jurisdiction. was the location of Elizabethan theaters, which was restricted because they were considered the places of vice. the Globe Theatrev7. The mayor of London vLord Mayor of LondonvNot salariedvElected from among successful businessmanThe City of Westminster about two miles upstream from the City of London, Englands political center of power, Westminster model 1. Westminster Abbeyvbuilt by Edward the Confessor in the 11th century,vused for such state occasions as coronations and royal funerals.vgiant mausoleum, more than 3000 notable people buried therevPoets Corner: burial ground for famous English poets, Chaucer2022-7-11172. Houses of Parliament New Palace of WestminsterAcross the street 3. New Scotland YardvFirst used as a guest house to receive Scottish envoys;vLater became the headquarters of the London police.Not far away from the Houses Of Parliament 4. The Street of WhitehallvLined with office buildings of the most important ministries of the English government;vIn the newspaper, Whitehall refers to the English governmentNear the parliament building 5. Downing StreetvNo.1, Downing Street: the English prime ministers official residencevMany media use it to mean the prime minister.Branching off from Whitehall 6. Buckingham PalaceFarther away from Downing Street 7. Hyde Parkvabout one quarter mile and contains a long lake called the SerpentineA few minutes walk from the Palace 1). Speakers Cornervcame into being in the 1860s;vset aside by the government as a haven of liberty where protesters could let off steam free from interference;vregarded as the epitome of British freedom of speechThe northeast corner of the parkMarxist speaker 2). Trafalgar SquarevBuilt in dedication to British naval commander Viscount Horatio Nelson;vA popular site for large-scale political demonstrationsNot far away from the Speakers Corner 3. The West Endvcenter: Londons shopping and entertainment hubv1). Oxford Streetvthe busiest shopping areaTo the west and north of Trafalgar Square2) .The Soho districtvThe Royal Opera House, most of Londons 40 or so major theatres, the large movie houses, hundreds of restaurants, cafs, and bars 3). BloomsburyvThe citys traditional intellectual center, with its concentration of bookshops and homes of writers and academics. vBritish MuseumvThe University of LondonIn the northern part of the West End BirminghamvThe second largest city;vSprung up during the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century because of its proximity to rich resources of coal and iron ore;vBlack country;vWell known for its production of automobiles, electrical equipment;vThe University of BirminghamTo the northwest of London ManchestervThe center of textile industries ;vWitnessed the fierce struggle of the Charter Movement in the mid-19th century;vThe Victoria University of ManchestervThe Manchester College of TechnologyTo the northwest of Birmingham LiverpoolvThe second largest seaport in Britain ;vMakes a large variety of products: machines, machine tools;vThe University of LiverpoolTo the west of ManchesterEdinburghvThe capital of Scotland,vWell known for the University of EdinburghvA port city BelfastvCapital city of Northern IrelandCardiffvCapital city of WalesRover2022-7-11392. Chemicals and chemical-based product manufacturersThe British chemical industry has grown faster than all other British industries , except electronics.The pharmaceutical industry is particularly successful, with the worlds second and third largest pharmaceutical firms (GlaxoSmithKline and Astra Zeneca respectively) being based in the UK and having major research and development and manufacturing facilities.3. Other important sectors of the manufacturing industry include:Food, drink, tobacco, paper, printing, publishing and textiles.Service industry: Tertiary industry The service sector is the dominant sector of the UK economy, a feature normally associated with the economy of a developed country. This means that the Tertiary sector jobs outnumber the Secondary and Primary sector jobs combined.2022-7-1142British Trade va major role of foreign trade in the British economy.vOverseas commodity trade alone accounting for about one sixth of the countrys national income.v an importer of food and an exporter of manufactured goods.2022-7-1143British FinancevThe UK has had an expanding export business in financial service, which has been influenced by a mixture of unique institutions, light regulation, and a highly skilled workforce.vImportant financial cities in the UKvLondon: the worlds financial centerShares and bonds: London Stock ExchangeInsurance:Lloyds of LondonCentral bank:The Bank of EnglandBusiness banks Barclays Bank, Citigroup and HSBCThere are now over 500 banks with offices in the City and Docklands, with the majority of business in London being conducted on an international basis.vEdinburgh: the fifth largest financial centre in Europethe Royal Bank of Scotland (the second largest bank in Europe), HBOS (owners of the Bank of Scotland) and Standard Life Insurance.The UK: A financial empireThe Bank of England( the central bank) founded in 1694 nationalized in 1946Its role: a public institution and instrument of government control 2022-7-1145The UK: A financial empireMajor banks in the UK with Bank of England as the central bankHSBC BankLondonRoyal Bank of ScotlandEdinburghBarclays BankLondonHBOSEdinburghLloyds TSBLondonStandard CharteredLondonAlliance & LeicesterLeicesterNorthern RockNewcastle upon TyneCo-operative BankManchester2022-7-1146Pound sterling: A symbol of nationalist character (1)Pound sterling: The symbol of the UKUnits of the sterlingCoins1 penny2 pence 5 pence10 pence20 pence 50 pence 1 pound2 pounds5 pounds (commemorative only)Notes5 pounds10 pounds20 pounds (seldom) 50 pounds (rarely used)2022-7-1147Pound sterling: A symbol of nationalist character (2)Joining the single currency, EURO: still a long way to go1.The Labor Party and Gordon Brown promised to hold a public referendum.2.Public opinion polls have shown that a majority of Britons have been opposed to joining the single currency for some considerable time.3.The main opposition party, the Conservative party, are opposed to membership.Three of 25 member countries of EU do not join EURO:The UKSwedenDenmark2022-7-1148Regional GDP variationvRegional variationThe strength of the UK economy varies from region to region. GDP, and GDP per capita is highest in London. The following table shows the GDP (2004) per capita of the 12 areas.vRankPlaceGDP per capita in Euros 1.London, England44 4012.South East England31 3003.East of England27 7784.Scotland27 6695.South West England27 3486.East Midlands, England26 8637.West Midlands, England25 9318.North West England25 3969.Yorkshire and the Humber, England25 30010.Northern Ireland23 31911.North East England22 88612.Wales22 567 American Economy - a strong one th e Un ited S tates o f America has the largest economy and the most important market in the world.2022-7-1151IntroductionGeneral:CurrencyUnited States Dollar (USD)Fiscal year (财政年度) 1 October - 30 SeptemberTrade organizationsNAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement ), WTO (World Trade Organization), OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)and others2022-7-1152US Monetary SystemsFederal Reserve Bank:the central bank2022-7-1153US Monetary SystemsCentral bank: Federal Reserve BankvThe Federal Reserve Banks more commonly known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed is the United States central bank, charging with ensuring the stability and flexibility of the nations monetary and financial systems. vThe Federal Reserve: structured to be independent within the federal government. v The Federal Reserve System following its Congressional charter; the Chairman of the Board of Governors reports to Congress; but the Feds decisions being independent of both the Congress and the President of the United States. vits roles and responsibilities: To guide monetary policy for economic stability.To regulate and supervise banking institutions in the U.S.To provide financial services to banking institutions, the U.S. government, and foreign official institutions; as well as to play a major role in operating the nations payment system.2022-7-1154US Dollar CoinsCoins2022-7-1155US Dollar Notes1 dollar: George Washington (1st)2 dollars: Thomas Jefferson (3rd)5 dollars: Abraham Lincoln (16th)10 dollars: Alexander Hamilton (One of founders)20 dollars: Andrew Jackson (7th)50 dollars: Ulysses S. Grant (18th)100 dollars: Benjamin Franklin500 dollars: William McKinley (25th) 1000 dollars: Grover Cleveland (22nd)5000 dollars: James Madison (4th)10000 dollars: Salmon P. Chase (U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; Chief Justice of the United States)2022-7-1156Introduction vthe largest national economy in the world.v a mixed economy in that private firms make the majority of the microeconomic decisions while being regulated by the government. vThe U.S. economy maintaining a high level of output per person vMaintaining a stable overall GDP growth rate, a low unemployment rate, and high levels of research and capital investmentFeatures of American economyv a free enterprise systemvActive in building roads and in the field of educationvThe important role of the US government in the US economyvThe farmers efficiency in the production of grainvThe sale of the armed forces to other countries2022-7-1158vPrimary industryvAmerican agriculture2022-7-1159Agriculture: natural advantagesvThe United States is blessed with fertile soil, and a good climate for its agriculture.vAbout one-fifth of the land area is farmed. Some 394 million acres are harvested cropland, and about 890 million acres are permanent pastureland. vMost of the important crop-growing areas in the United States are in the central plain region between the Appalachians and the Rockies. vOthers are in the Atlantic coast plain and the great basins west of the Rockies.vAgriculture is a major industry in the United States and the country is a net exporter of food.2022-7-1160Agriculture: historical developmentvIn the U.S., the spread of farms from the colonies westward along with the settlers. In cooler regions, wheat being the crop of choice when lands being settled, leading to a “wheat frontier” that moved westward over the course of years. vAfter passing the “wheat frontier” through an area, more diversified farms including dairy cattle generally taking its place.vthe plantings of cotton and herds of beef cattle in warmer regions vIn the early colonial south, the common phenomenon of raising tobacco and cotton, especially through the use of slave labor until the Civil War. In the northeast, the use of slaves in agriculture until the early 19th century. 2022-7-1161Agriculture: historical developmentSlave labor in the southern plantations2022-7-1162Agriculture: developmentvThe introduction and broad adoption of scientific agriculture since the mid 19th century leading to a large improvement in the USAs economic growth.vthe establishment of a land-grant university in each state (with a mission to teach and study agriculture) and a federally-funded system of agricultural experiment stations and cooperative extension networks which place extension agents in each state.2022-7-1163AgricultureCrop duster2022-7-1164Agriculture: productsTop twenty agricultural products by productionRankproduct mass (tonnes)1.Corn256,904,9922.Cattle meat11,736,3003.Cows milk, whole, fresh78,155,0004.Chicken meat15,006,0005.Soybeans65,795,3006.Pig meat8,574,2907.Wheat63,589,8208.Cotton lint3,967,8109.Hen eggs5,141,00010.Turkey meat2,584,200Rankproductmass (tonnes)11.Tomatoes12,275,00012.Potatoes20,821,93013.Grapes6,125,67014.Oranges10,473,45015.Rice, paddy9,033,61016.Apples4,241,81017.Sorghum10,445,90018.Lettuce4,490,00019.Cottonseed6,072,69020.Sugar beets27,764,3902022-7-1165Agriculture: livestocksTop five livestock industries in the United States1. Dairy Cattle2. Beef Cattle3. Swine (also called hogs or pigs)4. Poultry5. Sheep2022-7-1166Agriculture: natural advantagesDifferent agricultural beltsvBelt of cheese: Northeast and the region around the five Great lakesvThe belt of wheat: the western part of the great central plainvThe belt of corn: south of the Great LakevThe belt of cotton: the whole southeast section2022-7-1168Industry: an introductionva leading manufacturing power in the world vThe US manufacturing: highly diversified and technologically advanced. vMain industries: petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining. American IndustryThree industrial sections:A: the northeast section: the center of industries, the Industrial Northeast, consisting of of the national manufacturing and processing industriesDetroit: the center of the automobile industryPittsburgh: the center of the steel and iron industryGeneral Motors Companyv also known as GM, is a United States based automaker with headquarters in Detroit, Michigan.vBy sales, GM ranked as the largest U.S. automaker and the worlds second largest for 2008. GM had the third highest 2008 global revenues among automakers on the Fortune Global 500. GM manufactures cars and trucks in 34 countries, recently employed 244,500 people around the world, and sells and services vehicles in some 140 countries.vOn June 1, 2009 General Motors filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings from which it emerged on July 10, 2009 in a reorganization in which a new entity acquired the most valuable assets. The section of the south:A rapid development zoneThe most imp