2022年在职研究生英语真题 .pdf
20XX 年在职研究生英语真题Section Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered bland and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting 1 workers productivity. Indeed, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the extremely influential idea the very 3 to being experimented upon changed subjects behavior. The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 5 of the experiments their hourly out put rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers behavior 10 itself.After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record, 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 21 页no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 14 interpretation of what happened 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1.Aaffected Bachieved Cextracted Drestored 2.Aat Bup Cwith Doff 3.Atruth Bsight Cact Dproof 4.Acontroversial Bperplexing Cmischieous Dambiguous 5.A requirements Bexplanations Caccounts Dassessment 6.Aconclude Bmatter Cindicate Dwork 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 21 页7.Aas far as Bfor fear that Cin case that Dso long as 8.Aawareness Bexpectation Csentiment Dillusion 9.Asuitable Bexcessive Cenough Dabundant 10.Aabout Bfor Con Dby 11.Acompared Bshown Csubjected Dconveyed 12.Acontrary to Bconsistent with Cparallel with Dpealiar to 13.Aevidence Bguidance Cimplication Dsource 14.Adisputable Benlightening Creliable Dmisleading 15.AIn contrast BFor example CIn consequence DAs usual 16.Aduty Baccidentally Cunpredictably Dsuddenly 17.Afailed Bceased Cstarte D continued 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 21 页18.A B C D 19.A B C D 20.Abreaking Bclimbing Csurpassing Dhiting Section Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Reading the following four texts, answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points) Text 2 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. A received one for its “one -click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lying a box. Now the nations top patent court appears completely-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 21 页court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business- method patents. In the Bilski, as the case is known, is a “very big deal”, says DennisD Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an e ntire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 21 页supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court”, says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School. 26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of A their limited value to business B their connection with asset allocation C the possible restriction on their granting D the controversy over authorization 27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case? A Its rulling complies with the court decisions B It involves a very big business transaction C It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 21 页D It may change the legal practices in the U.S. 28. The word “about-face ” (Line 1,Para 3) most probably meansA loss of good will B increase of hostility C change of attitude D enhancement of disnity 29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents A are immune to legal challenges B are of ten unnecessarily issued C lower the esteem for patent holders D increase the incidence of risks 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 21 页30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text? A A looming threat to business-method patents B Protection for business-method patent holders C A legal case regarding business-method patents D A prevailing tread against business-method patents Text 3 In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm aladuell alques that social epidemics are dliven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or we connect. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plansible sounding but largely untested theory called the “tow-step flow of communication”. Information allows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing, 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 21 页promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends. In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they dont seem to be required of all.The researchers argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influcenciny their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the casecade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 21 页dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people s ability to influence others and their tendencies to be. 31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to A analyze the consequences of social epidemics B discuss influentials function in spreading ideasC exemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemicsD describe the essential characteristics of influentials 32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”A serves as a solution to marketing problems B has helped explain certain prevalent trends C has won support from influentials D requires solid evidence for its validity 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 21 页33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that A the power of influence goes with social interactions B interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media C influentials have more channels to reach the public D most celebrities enjoy wide media attention 34. The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones whoA stay outside the network of social influence B have little contact with the source of influence C are influenced and then influence others D are influenced by the initial influential 35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence? A The eagerness to be accepted 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 21 页B The impulse to influence others C The readiness to be influenced D The inclination to rely on others Text 4 Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else; the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and its just not fair. These rules say they must valve some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. Unfortunately, banks lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a bruising encounter with Congress, Americas Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASBs chairman, cried out against those who 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 21 页“question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains. To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt wit h. Americas new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 21 页critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions. 36. Bankers complained that they were forced to A follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules B collect payments from third parties C cooperate with the price managers D reevaluate some of their assets 37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in A the diminishing role of management B the revival of the banking system C the banks long-term asset losses D the weakening of its independence 38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASBs attempt to精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 21 页A keep away from political influences. B evade the pressure from their peers. C act on their own in rule-setting. D take gradual measures in reform. 39. The author thinks the bank were “on the wrong planet” in that theyA misinterpreted market price indicators B exaggerated the real value of their assets. C neglected the likely existence of bad debts. D denied booking losses in their sale of assets. 40. The authors attitude towards standard-setters is one of A satisfaction 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 21 页B skepticism C objectiveness D sympathy Part B Directions: For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxed to from a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points) AThe first and more important is the consumers growing preference for eating out: the consumption of food and drink in places other than hours has risen from about 32
