2022年英语一轮复习:虚拟语气 .pdf
学习必备欢迎下载虚拟语气【考纲解读】虚拟语气是高考热点,考生需要注意if 条件从句中虚拟语气的用法、含蓄条件句中虚拟语气的用法和名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法;以及虚拟语气中倒装的出现;虚拟语气用于定语从句等。【知识要点】一、语气的定义和种类1.语气语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2.语气的种类1)陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:There are two sides to every question. 每个问题都有两个方面。Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗?How good a teacher she is! 她是多好的一位老师啊!2)祈使语气:表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如:Never be late again! 再也不要迟到了。Don t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。3)虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。I wish I could pass the examination. 我希望我能通过考试。May you succeed! 祝您成功!二、简单句中的虚拟语气1.情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、 有礼貌、 或委婉的语气,常用于日常会话中。如:Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗?It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 18 页学习必备欢迎下载2.表祝愿1)常用 “may+ 动词原形 ” 表示 “ 祝愿,但愿 ” ,此时may 须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)如: May good luck be yours! 祝你好运!May you do even better! 祝你取得更大成就!May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩得痛快。May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。May you be happy. ( 注意 be) 祝你幸福。2)用动词原形,如:Long live the people! 人民万岁!“ God bless you,” said the priest.牧师说: “ 愿上帝保佑你!Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快!3.表示强烈愿望(该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形,第三人称单数也不加“ s”)4.表命令1)命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you),而且通常省略主语(也就是 you)。2)句子尾通常加上感叹号:!3)虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present),如:4)否定形式的命令语气,可用助动词do,加上 not。Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气) 别工作那么卖力。5.在一些习惯表达中,如:You d better set off now. 你最好现在就出发。I d rather not tell you the secret. 我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。三、名词性从句中的虚拟语气1.宾语从句中的虚拟语气1)在动词 wish 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在动词 wish 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,常省去宾语从句的引导词that。对现在情况的虚拟(与现在的事实相反):从句用过去时或过去进行时(时间上是同时的)。 其句子结构为: 宾语从句的谓语be 用 were,实义动词用过去式。如:I wish (that 可省略 ,下同 )I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道 ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 18 页学习必备欢迎下载I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能I wish I were a bird. 但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese. 现在他在中国, 他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂对过去情况的虚拟(和过去的事实相反):用 wish 表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为: 宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时,或 would, could, might+ 现在完成时。如:I wish (that 可省略, 下同 )I hadn t wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了He wishes he hadn t lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望): 从句动词 “would/should/could/might+动词原形”( 时间上较后 )(请注意:主句和从句的主语不相同)。用 wish 表示对将来事情的愿望。如:I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+ 动词原形stop) 我希望雨能停止。 (事实上雨还在下着呢 ) I wish you would be quiet.(would + be) 我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive) 你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到注意: 如果将 wish 改为过去式wished, 其后 that 从句中的动词形式不变。如:I wi shed I hadn t spent so much money. 我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。如果 that 从句中用would, 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求。如:I wish you would help me. 我希望你能帮我。2)在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见,认为某事应该或不应该怎样,这些词语后面的that 从句应用虚拟语气, 且均以 should+动词原形表示这种语气,但事实上 “should ”常被省略, 故此从句中谓语动词用原形,常用的此类动词有:表示 “ 要求 ” 的:表示 “ 提议、劝告、建议” 的:表示 “ 决定、命令 ” 的:表示 “ 主张 ” 的:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 18 页学习必备欢迎下载表示 “ 同意、坚持 ” 的: consent, insist 如:When I suggested that he try shav当我建议他用刮胡膏时,他说“ 剃刀和水就行了” 。He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it 他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据,直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。One can suggest that students sho我们建议学生应在说英语的国家待上两三年。在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍,其结构如:I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 我建议我们下周开个会。注意: 在 insist 后的从句中 , 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气 , 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气。She insists that she is right. 她坚持说她是对的。她一再坚持我应该马上完成这项工作。或者说, suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时,即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时,宾语从句用陈述语气。判断改错(错(对(错(对3)在 expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。在 expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中,我们经常用“ should 动词原形 (或完成形式 ) ” ,表示惊奇、怀疑、不满等。我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。4)would rather ,would sooner,had rather, would (just) as soon ,would prefer 之后的宾语精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 18 页学习必备欢迎下载从句中的虚拟语气would rather, would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon, would prefer(希望) 也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去时表示现在或将来,用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。表示“ 宁愿做什么 ” 或“ 对过去做的事的懊悔 ” 。经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。To be frank ,坦率地说,我希望你不要卷入这件事。我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。注意:若某人愿自己做某事,would rather 后用动词原形I would rather stay at home today. 今天我愿待在家里。 would rather.than.中用动词原形今天我想待在家里而不想外出。5) “ had hoped ”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气用 “had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情,其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形 ” 。I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in 我原本希望她到美国去念书并留在那,但她说她喜欢留在中国。2.主语从句中的虚拟语气1) “ It is (was)+ 形容词(或过去分词)+that.”结构中的虚拟语气在 It is (was)+ 形容词(或过去分词)+that.结构中,使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should 动词原形或省略should 直接用动词原形(美国英语中省去should)常用的形容词:natural (自然的 ), appropriate (适当的 ),advisable (合适的 ), preferable (更可取的), better ( 更好的 ),necessary (必须的 ), important ( 重要的 ), imperative ( 急需的 ), essential (本质的 ), vital ( 必不可少的 ), probable (很可能的 ), possible (可能的 ) desirable (极好的 ), advisable(合理的),compulsory(必须的),crucial (紧急的),incredible (惊人的),necessary (必要的) ,possible(可能的),strange(奇怪的),urgent(紧迫的)。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 18 页学习必备欢迎下载常用的过去分词(Past Participle): required (需要的 ), demanded (要求 ), requested (被请求 ), desired (要求 ),suggested (建议 ), recommended (推荐 ), orderd (命令 ) 如:It is essential that these application forms be 这些申请表应尽早地寄回,这是很重要的。重要的是募集足够的钱,为这个项目提供资金。注意:在上述所列形容词后面用that 引出的宾语从句中,谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。I don t think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has 汤姆缺乏经验,指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。2)在 It is 名词 that.的主语从句中的虚拟语气在 It is 名词 that 的主语从句中, 常用虚拟语气, 表示建议、 命令、 请求、 道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。 这类名词有: advice,decision,desire, demand,idea, motion , order,pity, preference,proposal,recommendation ,requirement,resolution , shame, suggestion, surprise, wish,wonder 等。如:It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad. 我建议派他去国外深造。3.虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中当某些表示建议、请求、 命令等主观意向的名词作主语时,其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气,其表达形式为should 动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有:demand (要求 ), desire (请求 ),requirement (要求 ) , advice (劝告 ), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议 ), order (命令 ), necessity (必要地 ), preference (优先 ),proposal (计划 ), plan (计划 ), idea (办法 ), recommendation 以及 resolution 等。如:我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。The suggestion that the 由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。【考点诠释】虚拟语气考点透析考点一、虚拟语气的基本用法1.与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为: 主语 +动词的一般过去时(be 动词用 were)精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 18 页学习必备欢迎下载+其他成分 +if+should/would/could.+ 动词原形 +其他成分。例如:If it were not for the fact that she _ sing ,I would invite her to the party. A.couldn t B.shouldn t C.can t D.might not 解析句意为:如果不是因为她不会唱歌的事实,我会邀请她来参加那次聚会的。that从句为同位语从句,描述的是事实,用陈述语气。正确答案为C。2.与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为:主语+动词的过去完成时+其他成分+if+should/would/could.+have done+ 其他成分。例如:If the weather had been better,we could have had a picnic.But it _ all day. A.rained B.rains C.has rained D.is raining 3.与将来事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为:主语+动词的一般过去时/should do/were to do+其他成分 +if+should/would/could.+动词原形 +其他成分。例如:If I _ plan to do anything I want to, I d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. A.would B.could C.had to D.ought to 解析句意为: 如果我能够计划做我想做的事情,我想去西藏并且尽可能多玩一些地方。句子描述的是与将来事实相反的事情,所以正确答案为B。考点二、含蓄虚拟条件句这样的虚拟句不含有if 从句,而是以but for/without/or/otherwise等引导的句子代替if从句,主句的谓语动词的形式与前面虚拟语气的基本用法相同。例如:Thank you for all your hard work last week.I don t think we _ it without you. A.can manage B.could have managed C.could managed D.can have managed 解析由语境可知这里要表达的意思是:如果没有你们辛勤的工作,我们不可能处理好这件事。很显然,这是对过去发生的事实的虚拟,所以要用could have done,故应选B。考点三、主从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句在有些虚拟条件句中,主从句时间不一致,应根据不同情况区别对待。例如:It s hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love,at the age of seven,with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 18 页学习必备欢迎下载A.wouldn t have fallen B.had not fallen C.should fall D.were to fall 解析句意为:如果不是我在七岁时爱上家乡的Melinda Cox 图书馆的话,很难想象今天的我会是什么样子。主句描述的是与现在事实相反的事情,从句描述的是与过去事实相反的事情。正确答案为B。考点四、名词性从句中的虚拟语气在含有表示坚持、建议、命令、要求等含义的名词性从句和在it 做形式宾语或形式主语的复合句中,宾语补足语是necessary/strange/essential/natural/a pity/a shame等表示 “ 惊奇、惋惜或者理应如此” 等含义时,从句中的谓语动词需用“should+ 动词原形 ” ,其中 should 可以省略。例如: Don t you think it necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York ?I agree,but the problem is _ he has refused to. A.will not be sent ;that B.not be sent;that C.should not be sent;what D.should not send ;what 考点五、 wish/if only/would rather 从句中的虚拟语气具体说来其基本结构为:wish/if only/would rather+主语 +动词一般过去时(表示与现在事实相反,其中be 动词用 were)/动词过去完成时(表示与过去事实相反)/would+ 动词原型(表示与将来事实相反)。例如:Look at the trouble I m in, if only I _ your advice !A.followed B.would follow C.had followed D.should follow 解析句意为:看我目前的困境,要是我听你的建议就好了。其描述的是与过去事实相反的事情。正确答案为C。典题链接1. She might have been in time for the train, but she _ A. startedC. was to start D. had started 答案:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 18 页学习必备欢迎下载解析: 本题考查动词语气。might have done 表示与过去事实相反,因此but 后用一般过去时态表示实际发生的事。2. I lost your cell phone number, otherwise, I _ A. had called C. would have called D. should call 答案:解析: 根据时间状语long before,可知这是对过去的假设,要是知道你的手机号码,我早就给你打电话了。3. It s so near! Yes, a taxi _ A. wasn tC. hadn t beenD. won t be答案:解析: 这是一道根据情态动词+have done 判断时态的题目。我们知道这个结构只可能有两种时态:过去时和现在完成时,对话内容是恍然发现目的地离得很近,所以本没必要打车,是对过去的虚拟,表示后悔的心情。真实的过去是坐了出租车的。4. _ it rain tomorrow, A. Would C. Might D. If 答案:解析: if 引导的虚拟将来的结构是:if.should/were to do.,.would do. 这个句式可以倒装,变成: were.to do/should .do.,.would do. 。5._ the traffic jam, A. In spite of C. But for D. Due to 答案:解析: 这是一个含蓄的if 虚拟条件句,相当于:If it hadnt been for the traffic jam, we would have arrived earlier. but for=without, 要不是。6. Without your timely help, we _ A. had been 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 18 页学习必备欢迎下载C. would have been D. were 答案:解析: 本题同第五题。相当于if it hadnt been for your timely help, we would have been in trouble that day. 7. It s high time you _ A. shall learn C. learnt D. have learnt 答案:解析: It s high time+从句表建议时要用were 式虚拟语气,从句中用过去式。8. If you _ me earlier, you _ A. had listened to; B. were to listen to; C. had listened to; D. listened to; wouldn t be答案:解析: 此题是一个混合虚拟语气题,从句是对过去的假设,所以根据if虚拟条件句的规则,要用过去完成时,而主句部分讲的是目前的情况所以要用would + do 。9. Well, I d rather you _ like a fish in tA. didn t drinkC. weren t drinkingD. not drink 10. The man insisted that he_ nothing wrong and _ A. did; set B. had done; C. do; be set D. had done; must be set 答案:解析: insist 只有表示在建议的时候才用虚拟语气,如果是陈述事实的话就不用虚拟语气。所以他说he had done nothing 是事实,不是要求。后面的句子才是要求,所以后面用“should do” 式虚拟语气结构。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 18 页学习必备欢迎下载11. If only I _ an umbrella! A. took C. had taken D. take 答案:解析: if only 引导 were 式主观愿望虚拟语气句,“ 如果 就好了 ” 根据规则,对过去虚拟用过去完成时。【试题放送】22 We have bought so much food now that Suzie won t be with us for dinner.Amay not Bneedn tCcantDmustn t 【答案】 B【考点】考察情态动词的用法【解析】 may not 不可以, neednt不需要, cant不可能,mustnt 绝不可能本句句意为:既然Suzie 不和我们一起吃晚饭,所以我们就不需要买这么多食物。29. Sorry, I am too busy now. If I _ time, I would certainly go for an outing with you. A. have had B. had had C. have D. had 【答案】 D 【考点】此题考查条件状语从句中的虚拟语气。【解析】 从句中用一般过去时表现在的假设。动词的时态条件状语从句中的虚拟语气一般过去式表对现在的假设25.-_you interrupt now? Can t you see I m on the phone? -Sorry Sir, but it s urgent.A. Can B. Should C. Must D. Would 【考点】情态动词用法【答案】C 【解析】 句意: “ 你现在一定要打断我吗?难道你不能看到我在打电话吗? 对不起,先生,事情很急。” 根据语境结合选项的词义,C 选项符合题意。因此,正确答案为C 选项。24. One of our rules is that every student wear school uniform while at school. A. might B. could C. shall D. will 【考点】情态动词【答案】 C 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 18 页学习必备欢迎下载【解析】 Shall 用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。这儿是说根据学校规定学生在校时都必须要穿校服。19. I got close enough to hear them speaking Chinese, and I said “ Ni Hao ” just as I _ do in China. A. must B. might C. can D. should 【答案】B 【考点】本题考查情态动词。【解析】 句意为: 我靠他们足够的近以听见他们说汉语,而且我会像我在中国可能做的那样说“ 你好 ” 。might 表示 “ 可能 ” 。故选 B。17. If may car _more reliable, I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer. A. was B. had been C. should be D. would be 【答案】 B 【考点】考查虚拟语气。【解析】根据主语的谓语动词可知题干是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,从句谓语动词用 had done,选 B。23.I_ thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home. A. won t B. can t C. can D. will 【答】 B 【考点】考查情态动词。【解析】 所填情态动词与too 构成固定句型cant/couldn t too ,意思是: 再 都不为过,选 B。33. We _ the difficulty together, but why didn t you tell me?A. should face B. might face C. could have faced D. must have faced 【答案】C。【考点】虚拟语气考点,对过去的虚拟,本能 。【解析】虚拟语气考点,对过去的虚拟,本能 。35. Don t handle the vase as if it _ made of steel.A. is B. were C. has been D. had been 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 18 页学习必备欢迎下载【答案】 B。【考点】虚拟语气考点,【解析】对现在的虚拟用were。17. I m going to Europe on vacation together with John if I _ find the money. A. can B. might C. would D. need 【答案】 A 【解析】此处考查了can的本意 “ 能” ,表示 “ 能力 ” 。句意:我要和John 一起去欧洲度假,如果我能找到钱。【考点】考查情态动词的用法。15. We wouldn t have called a taxi yesterday if Harold _us a ride home.【D】A. didn t offerB. wouldn t offerC. hasn t offeredD. hadn t offered 8. It s quite warm here; we _turn the heating on yet.【C】A.couldn t B. mustntC. needn t D. wouldn t30. I use a clock to wake me up because at six oclock each morning the train comes by my house. A. couldnt B. mustnt C. shouldnt D. neednt 【答案】 D 【解析】此处考查情态动词,neednt+ 动词原形表示:没有必要做某事。句意:我没有必要用闹钟唤醒我,因为每天早上6点火车都经过我的房子。【考点】考查情态动词的用法。30. If we _ adequate preparations, the conference wouldn t have been so successful. A. haven t madeB. wouldn t makeC. didn t make D. hadn t made【答案】 D 【解析】在虚拟条件句中,表示与过去事实相反的情况,从句用过去完成时,主句用would have done的形式。句意:如果我们没有做好充分的准备,会议就不会这样成功。【考点】考查虚拟语气的用法。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页,共 18 页学习必备欢迎下载If you smoke, please go outside. A. can B. should C. must D. may 【答案】 C 【考点】考查情态动词的用法。【解析】句意为“ 如果你非得要抽烟,请到外面去抽。”must ( 表示主张 )一定要,坚持要。根据后一句please go outside的要求,选C。 I don t really like James. Why did you invite him? Don t worry. Hecome. He said he wasn t certain what his plans were. A. must not B. need not C. would not D. might not 【答案】 D 【考点】考查情态动词的用法。【解析】句意为“ 我真不喜欢James 。你为何请了他? 别担心。他可能来不了。他说他的计划还没安排好。” 题干中的he wasnt certain 说明他可能不来,可能来,因此使用不完全否定might not 。选 D。 Where are the children? The dinner s going to be completely ruined. I wish they always late. A. weren t B. hadn t been C. wouldn t be D. wouldn t have been【答案】 A 【考点】考查虚拟语气的用法。【解析】句意为“ 孩子们哪儿去了?这顿饭快要吃不起来了。 我但愿他们不要老是迟到。 ”wish引出虚拟语气,题干中出现always,从句虚拟使用一般过去时。选A。Maybe if I science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help. A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying 【答案】 C 【考点】考查虚拟语气的用法。【解析】句意为 “ 或许当初我要是学了理科而不是文科,现在就能给你更多的帮助。”then 表示过去的时间,if 引导的从句是对过去的虚拟,因此使用过去完成时。选C。I _ sooner but I didn t know that they were waiting for me. A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come 【答案】 D 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页,共 18 页学习必备欢迎下载【考点】考查虚拟语气的用法。【解析】句意为“ 我本来可以早点来,但我真不知道他们在等我。”but I didn t know 表示了过去时间,因此前句是对过去的虚拟,用主语+should / would / could / might + have done表达,故选D。Some young people these days just _ go out of their homes to contact the real world. A. mustntB. won tC. mightnt D. shouldnt【答案】 B 【考点】考查情态动词的用法。【解析】句意为“ 现在一些年轻人就是不愿意走出家门接触真正的世界。”mustnt禁止,不允许; won t 不愿意,就是不,偏不,具有主观性;mightnt可能不; shouldn t不应该。根据句意选 B。 I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official. How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone _ it. A. will have stolen