2022年高一英语语法大全 .pdf

直接引语和间接引语1. 直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整。eg: He said :I broke your CD player. ( 一般过去时改成过去完成时) He told me he had b roken my CD player. Jenny said, I have lost a book. (现在完成时改成过去完成时) Jenny said she had lost a book. Mum said,Ill go to see a friend.(一般将来时改成过去将来时) Mum said she would go to see a friend. 过去完成时保留原有的时态He said, We hadnt finished our homework.He said they hadnt finished their homework. 注意 直接引语是客观真理，过去进行时，时态不变。2 在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语时第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。如：Mary said, :My brother is an engineer. Mary said her brother was and engineer. 3 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。如：He said,Can you run, Mike?He asked Mike whether/if he could run. 4. 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为tell(ask, order, beg等) + (not) to do sth.句型。 如：pass me the water, please.said he. He asked him to pass her the water. 5. 直接引语如果是以Lets 开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用 suggest+动名词或从句的结构。如：She said, Lets go to the cinema.She suggested going to the cinema. 或She suggested that they should go to the cinema. 现在进行时表将来的动作现在进行时表将来的动作，谓语通常为瞬间动词。如：come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay, 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 12 页meet, get等。这些动词的进行时后不能再接具体的时间。1用现在进行时表示将来，指的是近期的，按计划或安排要发生的动作。2现在进行时表示将来与表示正在进行的动作的区别在于：前者通常用瞬间动词有时一些常用动词也可以这样用如：do如： go, come, start, return, get, arrive 等。而后者通常是持续性动词。He is reading a novel. 他在看小说。The train is arriving soon. 火车就要进站了。3用现在进行时表示将来的时间，在句中或上下文中通常有表示将来时间的状语。4现在进行时与一般现在时表示将来动作的区别在于：前者表示的将来的动作往往是可以改变的， 而后者则是根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作或事情，因此往往是不可改变或不可随便改变的。What are you doing next Friday? 下星期五你们打算干什么？The plane takes off at 7：30 tonight. 飞机今晚七点半起飞。定语从句1. 定语从句的结构及理解2. 定语从句的关系词的使用3. 定语从句的简化表达知识总结归纳一定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它， 则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar. 2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep. 3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying. 4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud. 二 定语从句的结构：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子做这个名词或代词的定语叫定语从句， 定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面，被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词， 它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接，这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词关系代词或关系副词：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why 。先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 12 页结构：先行词 +关系词 +定语从句。1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her. 2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money. 3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme. 4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia. 5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie. 6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story. 三关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词，这些关系词在介词后面常用which 或 whom. 1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company. 2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark. 知识重点与难点一当先行词有最高级，序数词修饰，是不定代词，或是all, no, only 等形式时，关系代词一般用that，而不能用which。1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time. 2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me. 三定语从句的简化表达：1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University. 2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow. 3. The question that is being discussed is very important. 4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45. 说明：以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来：1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University. 2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow. 3. The question being discussed is very important. 4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45. 说明：修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外，还可以用非谓语动词形式：doing 短语，done短语， being done 短语， to be done 短语修饰。其结构和意思如下：1. 被修饰名词 +doing 短语：正在做 . 的人 /正在发生的事。2. 被修饰名词 + done 短语：被 .的人 /事3. 被修饰名词 +being done 短语：正在被 .的人 /事4. 被修饰名词 + to be done 短语：将要被 .的人 /事1Do you know the man talking to my sister ? 2The “crazy ” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 12 页3Did you see that car being repaired ? 4In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed. 5The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow. 6Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China. 7The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon.总结：以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词，不定式的各种形式作定语。1. 这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个V-ing 或 V-ed 形式作定语，则可以放在被修饰名词前面。2. 分词作定语时，其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing 表示主动意义和正在做，V-ed 表示被动意义。 being done 表示正在被做的3. 不定式作定语表示将要发生的，to be done 表示将要被做的【典型例题】例 1 Friendship is needed by all, _ plays an important role in people s lives.A. which B. that C. who D. it 分析： _ plays an important role in peoples lives为非限定性定语从句修饰先行词Friendship 用 which 连接定语从句。答案： A 例 2 Uncle Li _ I worked three years ago has retired now. A. who B. whom C. with whom D. to whom 分析：_ I worked three years ago 作为定语从句修饰先行词Uncle Li ， 从句完整的表达是：I worked with Uncle Li three years ago. 所以关系词前应加上介词with 。答案： C 例 3 Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ? A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained 分析： 定语从句 _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work 修饰先行词the reason指“ 他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因。先行词在从句中做宾语。答案： A 例 4 Teachers, _ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before. A. who B. that C. which D. whose 分析：非限定性定语从句_ work is rather hard修饰先行词teachers, 它与从句中的work是从属关系，关系词用whose 答案： D 例 5 The Olympic Games , _ in 776 BC, didn t included women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing 分析：公元前776 年被首次举行的奥运会，直到1912 年才容纳女运发动。_in 776 BC做定语修饰The Olympic Games ，指过去的内容，表示被动。用done 做定语。答案： C 例 6 The houses _ for the teachers and the construction work will start soon. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 12 页A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built 分析： 根据句意房子即将开工。_ for the teachers and the construction work 修饰 The houses应为 The houses The houses将要为教师和施工修建的房子。答案： B 例 7 How many of us_, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion? A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended 分析： 根据句意： 比方说， 我们当中参加一个对我们毫不重要的会议的人会有多少人对这个讨论感兴趣呢？_, say, a meeting that is not important to us 修饰 How many of us 做定语。与全句动作同步. 答案： B 例 8 She has three children, _ is working in Australia. A. who B. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them 分析：非限定性定语从句_ is working in Australia修饰先行词three children ，根据从句中的is 判断，是说：三个孩子中的一个在澳大利亚工作。答案： B 【模拟试题】1. Susan is the very girl _ the good deed. A. whom I think did B. whom I think she did C. who I think did D. I think who did 2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _ he could buy a train ticket. A. by which B. on which C. with which D. for which 3. The book _ he devoted much time is to come out next month. A. where B. which C. to which D. on which 4. The day came finally _ I was given an opportunity to act in the play. A. when B. in that C. which D. in which 5. 1. Don t you think the question _ tomorrow is of great importance.A. being discussed B. discussed C. to be discussed D. to discuss 6. The food _ at the moment is for the dinner party. A. cooked B. to be cooked C. is being cooked D. being cooked 7. Do you know the teacher _ under the big tree ? A. read B. reads C. reading D. being read 【试题答案】1. C Susan 正是我认为作了好事的那位女孩。先行词the very girl 在从句中做think 的宾语，同时又是后面宾语从句did the good deed.的主语，所以关系词不能用whom 2. C 定语从句 _ he could buy a train ticket. 修饰先行词money：用这笔钱买火车票。关系词前面需要加介词：with 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 12 页3. C 定语从句 _ he devoted much time意思是：他把大量的时间都投入在这本书上了。devote .to sth. 关系词前加介词：to 4. A 定语从句 _ I was given an opportunity to act in the play修饰先行词the day ：先行词the day 在从句中做时间状语：在这一天我得到了扮演一个角色的时机。5. C 短语 _ tomorrow 做定语修饰the question，根据表达的内容：明天即将被讨论的问题。应当用不定式的被动结构做定语。6. D 短语 _ at the moment 做 the food 的定语 ,表示：正在做的食物。Being done 做定语表示：正在被 的 。7. C 现在分词短语reading under the big tree 做定语修饰the teacher 表示：正在大树下看书的那位老师。情态动词1. 情态动词的推测表达2. 情态动词表达虚拟语气3. 某些情态动词的特殊用法知识重点与难点总结知识重点：情态动词在表达推测意义的句子中的运用：一用情态动词表达事实的推测。can，could，might， may，must 可以用来表达对事实的推测。根据说话人对事实的把握性大小，must 表示 “ 肯定 ” ， may / might / can / could 表示 “ 可能” ，must只用于肯定句中， may / might 的否认式 may not / might not 表示“ 可能不 ”, 而 can / could 可以用于疑问句， 表示 “ 可能，可能 吗?” ， 其否认式cant / couldnt 表示 “ 不可能 ” 。用情态动词可以对现在或过去的事实进行推测。对不同的时间内容推测有不同的结构。二对现在的事实进行推测：主要结构： must / may / might + 动词原形be+名词 /形容词 /介词短语be + doing 例句：1. You must be Jeanne. I m Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well. 2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night. 3. The teacher must be joking. 4. Freda isn t in class. She must be sick.5. There must be something wrong. 6. She might be very clever, but she hasn t got much common sense. 7. He may be arriving this evening. 8. He may be traveling around the world. 9. The keys can t be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.10. Can the news be true ? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 12 页三对过去的事实进行推测：结构：情态动词+have done / been+名词 /形容词 /介词短语例句：1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth. 2. He couldn t have seen Anna yesterday. She s gone abroad.3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library. 4. He might have overslept again. 5. Where can Tom have gone ? 情态动词表达虚拟语气：表达 “ 本来 ” ，“ 不然早就 ” 。这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法。表示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反。表达了说话人的埋怨，懊悔的语气。 其结构是在一些情态动词后面加have done 结构。根据要表达的意思，有如下结构：should have done / ought to have done：本应该 shouldn t have done / oughtn t to have done：本不该 could have done：本来可以 needn t have done：本来没必要 would like to have done ：本来很想 would rather not have done: 本来不愿意 could / might / have done: 不然早就 例句：1. You shouldn t have laughed at his mistakes.2. You could have told us earlier. 3. I ought to have bought that dictionary last week. 4. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels. 5. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train. 6. They would like to have seen that film last film. 7. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him. 8. They might have been frozen to death but for the rescue in time. 知识难点：某些情态动词的特殊用法：need 和 dare 的两种形式的用法need 和 dare 可以用做实义动词，后面接不定式to do结构，在疑问句和否认句中，加助动词 do/does/did/或 dont/doesn t/didn t。作为情态动词使用时，主要用于疑问句和否认句中。情态动词neednt没有必要，不必相当于dont have to例句：1. It is cold, you need to wear some warm clothes. 2. Need I stay here with you for a while ? Thank you, you needn t.3. How dare you speak to parents like that ? 注意：句型 I dare say+从句。意思是：我肯定 = I m sure或 There is no doubt that+ 从句。例句：I dare say that my uncle will get the money if I die. will 和 would 表示 “ 意志 ” 或“ 愿意 ” ，would 则指过去愿意做例句：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 12 页1. He said that he would help us. 2. You may telephone if you will accept this job. would 可以表达 “ 过去习惯做 ” 类似于 “ used to do”例句：1. When we were children, we would go swimming every summer in that river. 表示请求，固定的句型：Will/Would you please do ? / Would you like to do?例句： Will/Would you please give him a message when you see him ? shall 1. 用于第一，三人称，表示“ 请求 ” ；“ 建议 ” 或“ 推荐 ”例句：1. Shall we start the meeting now? 2. Shall I watch TV now ? 3. Shall my son carry the case for you ? 2. 用于第二人称，表示“ 命令， “ 要求 ” ，“ 许诺 ”例句：1. You shall take whatever you like. 2. You shall not go to the party with me if you make so much noise again. 在表示推测的否认句或疑问句中，常用 can /can t /could / couldnt表示，意思是：“ 可能 吗?” ；“ 不可能 ” 。而不能使用mustn t或 must 等词。【典型例题】1. Do you think he will do me a favor ? As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. He _ be prepared to give you a hand, though. A. might B. must C. can D. should 分析：此题考查情态动词推测性用法。根据 he is the last one to help others. 他是最不可能帮助别人的人 ，既然如此，那么“ 帮助你 ” 的可能性也就最小了。答案为 A 2. Look, someone is coming. Guess who it _ be ? I think it _ be Tom. I don t think it _ be _ .A. can ; must ; can ; he B. may ; can ; must ; him C. must ; can ; must ; his D. might ; must ; can ; himself 分析：根据备选答案。can 表示推测时用于疑问句或否认句中。此题首句就应该是Guess who can it be? 第二句应该是I think it must be Tom. 说话人十分肯定 。第三句表达了说话人对前一个人的否认。即：I don t think it can be him/he. 不可能是他 。答案为A 3. Do you know Ms. Wang likes walking after supper ? Sure. She _ around the campus now. A. must be walking B. must walk C. may walk D. may be walking 分析：关键词Sure 告诉我们说话人的口气十分肯定。根据句子语境：她此刻肯定正在校园散步呢。 must be doing 表示肯定正在做。答案为A 4. I stayed at a hotel in New York. Oh, did you ? You _ with Barbara. A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would say D. must have stayed 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 12 页分析：首句说：我在纽约住在一家宾馆里。在此a hotel 是泛指。所以D 选项不合题意。第二句在说：你本来可以和Barbara.住在一起的。 Could have done 表示：本来可以。答案为A 5. Why didn t you tell me there was no meeting today ? I _ all the way here through the heavy snow. A. needn t have driven B. can t have drivenC. mustn t have driven D. shouldnt have driven 分析：根据句意：你为什么不告诉我今天没有会？我本来没必要冒着大雪开车跑这么多路。Needn t have done 表示本来没必要。答案为A 6. I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word. A. mustn t leave B. shouldn t have leftC. couldn t have left D. needn t leave分析：根据句意：我真的很担忧你，你真不应该一句话都不说就离开家。“ 离开家 ” 已经发生了。 Should have done 正好表达了本句的意思。答案为B 7. A：Are you coming to Jeff s party ?B：I m not sure. I _ go to the concert instead.A. must B. would C. should D. might 分析：根据B 的答复：我不一定去，我有可能去听音乐会。Might 表示推测：可能。答案为D 8. A：I promise that she _ get a nice present on her birthday. B：Will it be a big surprise to her ? A. should B. must C. would D. shall 分析： A 说： “ 我答应她在生日聚会上她会得到一份生日礼物。shall 表示许诺。答案为D 【模拟试题】1. A：Is John coming by train ? B：He should, but he _ not. He likes driving his car. A. must B. can C. need D. may 2. Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn t show up.A. should have arrived B. should arrive C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving 3. Sorry, I m late. I _ have turned off the alarm and gone to sleep again. A. might B. should C. can D. will 4. You _ be tired You ve only been working for an hour.A. must not B. won t C. can t D. may not5. I didn t go to work yesterday afternoon because my car broke down. You _ mine. I wasn t using it.A. might borrow B. could have borrowed C. can have borrowed D. ought to borrow 6. A man answered the phone. I suppose it was her husband. It _ her husband. He has been dead for ages. A. mustn t be B. couldn t have beenC. may not have been D. mustn t have been精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 12 页【试题答案】1. 分析：根据B 的答复 “ 他应该坐火车来 ，但是也不一定，他喜欢开自己的车。此题考查了情态动词的推测用法。may 表示不十分有把握的推测。答案为D 2. 分析：根据句意：White 先生本应该在8:30 到这里出席会议的，可他在8:30没有到场。 Should have done 表示：本应该。答案为A 3. 分析：本句是说话人在解释迟到的原因：我或许是关掉闹钟又睡了。might have done 表示对过去的推测：可能已经 答案为 A 4. 分析：根据后半句You ve only b een working for an hour. 你才刚干了一个小时说明You _ be tired你不可能很累 ，can t 表示 “ 不可能 ” 答案为 C 5. 分析：听到对方说“ 昨天车坏了而没去上班” ，第二个人说