（整理版高中英语）高考英语任务型阅读专项特训（5）.doc

【助力】高考英语任务型阅读专项特训5 (1) Zebras have their own bug repellent(驱虫剂)? Eww bugs! They are so annoying! We humans are lucky that we can apply repellents to avoid nasty bites. But whats an animal to do? They have no choice but to spend their days shooing them off with their tails, unless, of course, they are zebras, who apparently have their own automatic repellent- their striped skin!Scientists had originally thought that the reason why the animal had developed the black and white lines was to help protect itself from predators in the African savannah, because the stripes make it difficult to single out one zebra that is traveling with a herd.While that may be true, the theory has never been tested or proven. Now the experts have another-that the stripes have evolved to repel the annoying horse flies that not only feed off their blood, but also, transmit dangerous germs into the bodies of these innocent animals.The study was performed by a team of Swedish scientists. One of the clues that got them thinking along these lines was the fact that darker horses got bitten more often than light-colored or white ones.The fact that zebras are born black and only develop strips as they grow older made the scientists theorize that the stripes may be something the animals have developed to make themselves less attractive to flies.To test if this may be the case, they painted some boards at a horse-infested horse farm in Budapest with pattens of black and white stripes of varying widths and applied a layer of glue on them. What they noticed was that the places where the black and white stripes were at their narrowest (similar to what zebras have) attracted the fewest flies. They achieved similar results when they painted horses with black and white zebra-like stripes.While the research are not sure why this may be the case, they believe it may be something to do with the way insects operate-horseflies are attracted to horizontally polarized light偏振光; since white does not reflect it, white horses are luckier than black ones. But zebras seem to be the luckiest of all. When the researchers measured the polarized light reflected from real zebra skins, they found that it matched light pattens that were the least attractive to horseflies.While this theory does make logical sense, nobody is 100 percent sure that it is really true, given that it has never been tested on a real zebra. If it is true, it does raise the question of why a horse, a close relative of the zebra has failed to develop stripes. The researchers believe that this could be because there are more horseflies in Africa, where zebras reside, then anywhere else in the world. Title Zebras have their own bug repellent?Reasons for zebras developing their stripsOriginal belief With the black and white lines, one zebra is difficult to single out while traveling with a herd, thus _1_ it from its enemies.New theoryZebras, residing in Africa where there are most horseflies in the world ,have developed strips to avoid being_2_ .A studyResearchersA team of scientists from _3_4_To test if strips are developed to make zebras less attractive to flies.Clues*White or light-colored horses are less _5_ to get bitten than dark ones.*Zebras develop strips as they grow older though born black .Method*Some boards at a horse farm are painted with pattens of black and white stripes _6_ wide, a layer of glue applied on them*Measured the polarized light reflected from real zebra skins_7_*The places where the black and white stripes were similar to the _8_zebras have attracted the fewest flies*Strips of zebras matched light pattens that were the least attractive to horsefliesPrinciple of zebras black and white strips repelling the fliesHorizontally polarized light, which white does not reflect, _9_ to horseflies.Conclusion_10_tested on real zebras, the theory isnt definitely true.Possible answers:1.l 2The new year's just begun and already you're finding it hard to keep those resolutions to junk the junk food, get off the couch or kick smoking. There's a biological reason a lot of our bad habits are so hard to break they get deep-rooted in our brains.That's not an excuse to give up. Understanding how unhealthy behaviors become deep-rooted has scientists learning some tricks that may help good habits replace the bad. "Why are bad habits stronger? You're fighting against the power of an immediate reward, We all as creatures are hard-wired that way, to give greater value to an immediate reward than something thats delayed. " says Dr. Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse.Just how that bit of happiness turns into a habit involves a pleasure-sensing chemical named dopamine多巴胺. It conditions the brain to want that reward again and again increasing the connection each time especially when it gets the right cue(暗示) from your environment.People tend to overestimate their ability to resist temptations around them, thus destroying attempts to get rid of bad habits, Even scientists who recognize it find it hard to resist. "I don't like popcorn. But every time I go to the cinema, I have to eat it," Volkow says. "It's fascinating."A movement to pay people for behavior changes may exploit that connection, as some companies offer employees outright payments or insurance rebates for adopting better habits.However paying for behavior plays out, researchers say there are some steps that may help counter your brain's hold on bad habits :repeat, repeat, repeat the new behavior the same routine at the same time of day. Determined to exercise? Doing it at the same time of the morning, rather than fitting it in haphazardly, makes the brain recognize the habit so eventually. If you don't do it, you feel awful, Exercise itself raises dopamine levels, so eventually your brain will get a feel-good hit even if your muscles protest. Reward yourself with something you really desire, Volkow stresses. You exercised all week? Stuck to your diet? Buy a book, a great pair of jeans, or try a fancy restaurant - safer perhaps than a box of cookies because the price inhibits the quantity. Topic_1_speaking, bad habits are hard to break as they are rooted deeply in our brains.How unhealthy behaviors become deep-rootedAll creatures ,including humans,have a _2_ for an immediate reward rather than what is delayed.Dopamine conditions the brain to want that reward _3_, turning that bit of happiness into a habit.People are usually unlikely to be _4_ to temptations, thus failing to get rid of bad habits.How is the connection taken _5_ofThe knowledge motivates scientists to create some tricks getting bad habits to make _6_ for the good ones.A movement Companies reward employees for _7_up better habits Steps to help _8_bad habits*Repeat the new behaviour at a _9_ time daily ,making the brain recognize the habit eventually.*Reward yourself with what you are really _10_ for Possible answers:1. Biologically 2.preference 3.repeatedly 4.resistant 5. advantage 3An Event of ImaginationThe year is 2094. It has been announced that a comet is heading towards the Earth. Most of it will miss our planet, but two pieces will probably hit the southern half of the Earth.On 17 July, a piece four kilometers wide enters the Earth's atmosphere with a massive explosion. About half of the piece is destroyed, but the remaining part hits the South Atlantic at 200 times the speed of sound. The sea boils and a huge hole is made in the seabed. Huge waves are created and spread outwards from the hole. The wall of water, a kilometer high, rushes towards southern Africa at 800 kilometers an hour. Cities on the African coast are totally destroyed and millions of people are drowned.Before the waves reach South America, the second piece of the comet lands in Argentina. Earthquakes and volcanoes are set off in the Andes Mountains. The shock waves move north into California and all around the Pacific Ocean. The cities of Los Angeles, San Francisco and Tokyo are completely destroyed by earthquakes. Millions of people in the southern half of the earth are already dead, but the north won't escape for long. Because of the explosions, the sun is hidden by clouds of dust, and temperature around the world falls to almost zero. Crops are ruined. The sun won't be seen again for many years. Wars break out as countries fight for food. A year later, no more than 10 million remain alive.Could it really happen? In fact, it has already happened more than once in the history of the Earth. The dinosaurs (恐龙) were on the Earth for over 160 million years. Then 65 million years ago they suddenly disappeared. Many scientists believe that the Earth was hit by a piece of object in space. The dinosaurs couldn't live through the cold climate that followed and they died out. Will we meet the same end?请根据以上文章，完成以下表格：_1_ResultsThe remaining part hits the South Atlantic 200 times as_2_ as sound.The sea boils and a huge hole is made in the seabed, from _3_ huge waves are created and spread outwards,.A tsunami(海啸) hits southern Africa,cities on the African cities _4_ and millions of people_5_. One piece of comet four kilometers in _6_enters the Earth's atmosphere, _7_in a massive explosion. Clouds of dust _8_ the sun and the temperature falls to almost zero, _9_crops. Wars break out for food and only 10 million people remain. The dinosaurs couldn't live through the_10_ cold climate and they died out. 1. Reasons 2. fast 3. which 4. destroyed5.drowned6. width 7.resulting 8. hide 9. ruining 10.following 4Events such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, and tornadoes are all natural disasters. They are mostly related to the weather. Some are predictable -like a hurricane. Some, like an earthquake, surprise us. It is necessary for us to learn about them, so we can be prepared! Flooding happens during heavy rains, when rivers overflow, when ocean waves come onshore, when snow melts too fast or when dams or banks break. Flooding is the most common of all natural disasters. Hurricanes are severe tropical storms that form in the southern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and in the Pacific Ocean. Hurricanes gather heat and energy through contact with warm ocean waters. Evaporation from the seawater increases their power.Hurricanes have winds at least 74 miles per hour. When they come onto land, the heavy rain, strong winds and heavy waves can damage buildings, trees and cars. Tornadoes are natures most violent storms. Tornadoes must always be taken seriously. Tornadoes can be very dangerous - sometimes even deadly. They come from powerful thunderstorms and appear as moving. Tornado winds can reach 300 miles per hour. They cause damage when they land the ground. They can damage an area one mile wide and 50 miles long. While thunder won't hurt you -lightning will! So it's important to pay attention when you hear thunder. Thunderstorms happen mostly in summer and every thunderstorm has lightning. Lightning can strike people and buildings, which is very dangerous. Thunderstorms affect small areas when compared with hurricanes and winter storms. The typical thunderstorm is 15 miles in diameter and lasts an average of 30 minutes. A volcano is a mountain with a large opening at the top through which melting rock, steam, gases escape from time to time with violent force from inside the earth. When pressure increases, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening fill the air with small pieces. Eruptions can cause lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, falling ash and floods, which is likely to knock down entire forests, cause floods and earthquakes. Fresh volcanic ash can cause damage to the lungs of older people, babies and people with respiratory problems.Terrible Natural Disasters1. Natural disastersReasonsBasic_1_Possible damage toFloodingHeavy rainsThe most _2_Ocean wavesSnow meltsDams or banks breaksHurricanesHurricanes gather heat and energy in _3_ with warm ocean waters. _5_from the sea water increases their power.Heavy rainBuildingsStrong wind not_4_than 74 miles per hourtrees and carsHeavy wavesTornadoesWind 300 miles per houran area of 50 _6_miles .Dangerous,even deadlyThunder ThunderstormsLightning People and buildingsSmall areas in _7_with hurricanes and winter storms. _8_eruptionsPressure inside EarthGases and rock shoot up _9_ are entire forests are knocked down.Cause floods and earthquakesThe peoples_10_1.features 2 mon 3. connection 4. less 5. Evaporation 6.square 7 parison 8. Volcanic 9. Chances 10.health 5Many Americans concerned about air pollution are demanding cleaner and cheaper supplies of energy. The demand has resulted in increased research about ethanol fuel. Ethanol is an alcohol that can be mixed with gas. It burns up most of the pollutants in gas. It replaced some of the chemicals that are known to cause cancer. Some experts say that in the future ethanol will replace some of the oil imported into America. Today ethanol is less than one percent of the total American fuel supply. The head of the National Corn Growers Association, Kieve Hars, says ethanol will provide twenty five percent of the fuel supply by . The organization is involved in the production of ethanol because it can be made form corn. One company in American Midwest says it is starting to produce ethanol because of demands form people and from the government. The Congress approved the Clean Air Act in 1990. The company says this means the market for ethanol will expand. The company is a major producer of corn starch (淀粉) that can be used to make ethanol. At Texas University, Professor Mark Holzapple produces ethanol from materials found in solid waste. He has developed a way to turn materials like paper into simple sugar. He then uses yeast (酵母) to turn the sugar into ethanol. Professor Holzappple says two hundred liters of ethanol fuel can be produced from one ton of solid waste. A professor at the University of Arkansas, John Geddie, is explorin