2018年度考研英语一真命题及其规范标准答案.doc

.SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,itsanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.4,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,“Whatsinhere?”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,“Wow!”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.1.AonBlikeCforDfrom2.AfaithBconcernCattentionDinterest3.AbenefitBdebtChopeDprice4.AThereforeBThenCInsteadDAgain5.AUntilBUnlessCAlthoughDWhen6.AselectsBproducesCappliesDmaintains7.AconsultBcompeteCconnectDcompare8.AatBbyCofDto9.AcontextBmoodCperiodDcircle10.AcounterpartsBsubstitutesCcolleaguesDsupporters11.AFunnyBLuckyCOddDIronic12.AmonitorBprotectCsurpriseDdelight13.AbetweenBwithinCtowardDover14.AtransferredBaddedCintroducedDentrusted15.AoutBbackCaroundDinside16.AdiscoveredBprovedCinsistedD.remembered17.AbetrayedBwrongedCfooledDmocked 18.AforcedBwillingChesitantDentitled19.AIncontrastBAsaresultCOnthewholeDForinstance20.AinflexibleBincapableCunreliableDunsuitableSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Dontdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredontappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineeringhavearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisnttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidntgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculumsfromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt. ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaventbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?ALeadingpoliticians.BLow-wagelaborers.CRobotowners.DMiddle-classworkers.22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthorsview?AWorriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.BOptimistsopinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.CIssuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackledDNegativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided23.EducationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasisonAcreativepotential.Bjob-huntingskills.Cindividualneeds.Dcooperativespirit.24.TheauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedatAencouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.Bincreasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.Ceasingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.Dpreventingtheincomegapfromwidening. 25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwithAopposingviewsonit.Bpossiblesolutionstoit.Citsalarmingimpacts.Ditsmajorvariations.Text2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrumpsuseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,Notapresidentssocialmediaplatform.MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectivesespeciallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeoplesrelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskillsandintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia. 26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtsonAthejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.Bpeoplespreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.Ctheadministrationsabilitytohandleinformation.Dsocialmediawasareliablesourceofnews.27.Thephrase“beerup”(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningtoAsharpenBdefineCboastDshare28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeopleAtendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.Bverifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources.Chavesstrongsenseofresponsibility.Dliketoexchangeviewson“distributedtrust”29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemisAreadersoutdatedvalues.BjournalistsbiasedreportingCreadersmisinterpretationDjournalistsmade-upstories.30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?AARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnlineBACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrendCTheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia.DThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests. Text3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritainsNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatientsrightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely“processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenhamsreportisawelcomestart.31.WhaistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?AItcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.BItfailedtopaydueattentiontopatientsrights.CItfellshortofthelattersexpectationsDItputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenhamsverdictwithAemptypromises.Btoughresistance.Cnecessaryadjustments.Dsincereapologies. 33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2thatAprivacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.Bleakingpatientsdataisworsethansellingit.Cmakingprofitsfrompatientsdataisillegal.Dthevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealisAtheviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.Btheineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.Ctheuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.Dthemonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.35.TheauthorsattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareisAambiguous.Bcautious.Cappreciative.Dcontemptuous.Text4TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearitsexpenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewrealityAndinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexertself-interestedpressureonthe