（整理版高中英语）语法精讲被动语态（voice）.doc

语法精讲 被动语态voice1.概念当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态；当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语的形式叫被动语态。2.构成“助动词be+过去分词。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化，也可以构成否认或疑问式。3.用法被动语态常用于以下场合：需要强调动作的承受者；只知道动作的承受者，不知道谁是动作的执行者；论述科技内容的文体需要强调客观性和科学性。如：The bridge was made of stone.这座桥是石头砌的。A lot of people were killed in the fire.许多人葬身于火海中。Pollution should be done away with.污染一定要消除。4.各种时态的被动语态及其他形式的被动语态见下表时态名称被动形式以do为例一般现在时am/is/are done一般过去时was/were done一般将来时will/shall be done过去将来时would be done现在进行时am/is/are bing done过去进行时was/were being done现在完成时have/has been done过去完成时had been done情态动词can/may/must be done不定式to be done;to have been done现在分词being done;having been done动名词being done;having been doneA.用谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义a)表示状态特征的连系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,appear+形容词/名词构成的系表结构。如：The steel feels cold.这块钢摸起来凉。The plan proved practical.这个方案证明是实用的。b)表示“开始、结束、运动的动词begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move等。如：Class begins.上课！The shop closes at 6 every day.这家商店每天6点关门。c)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词read,write,act,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,shut,dry,eat,drink等。这类动词后一般加一个修饰性的状语。如：The coat dries easily.这上衣很容易干。The pen writes smoothly.这支钢笔写起来滑顺。d)少数动词如print,build,cook,fly,hang,build,make等用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义。如：The textbooks are printing. 这些课本正在印刷中。B用非谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义a)want,need,require作“需要讲时，后用动名词的主动形式表被动含义。如：The road needs/wants/requires repairing.这条公路该修修了。b)形容词worth后用动名词的主动形式表被动含义。如：The book is well worth reading.这本书很值得一读。c)不定式在某些形容词如difficult,easy,hard,comfortable,pleasant,fit,unfit,light,heavy,good,safe,dangerous等后作状语且和句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动含义，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后面省去了for sb.。如：The book is difficultfor meto understand.这本书很难看明白。The boy is easy for people to get along with.这男孩很容易相处。We found English difficult to learn.我们发现英语难学。d)在“have sth.to do或give sb.sth.to do的句式中，不定式作名词的后置定语，既与被修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和句子的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。如：I have an important meeting to attend.我有一个重要的会议要参加。I will give the children some good books to read.我要给孩子们一些好书读。e)在“there be句型中修饰主语的动词不定式用主动形式和被动形式都行。在口语中多用主动形式。如：There are many things to do/to be done.有好多事情要做。f)不定式to let,to blame等表示被动含义。如：The car is to let.汽车出租。The parents are to blame for the spoiled child.对这个宠坏了孩子的父母该受责备。C介词in,on,under等+n.构成的介词短语表示被动含义。如：The shop is in the possession of Mr.James.=The house is possessed by Mr.James.这个商店是詹姆斯先生的。The question is under discussion.=The question is being questioned.这个问题正在讨论。Lots of books are on show.=Lots of books are being shown.许多书在展览。考题再现【考例1】(高考,30) Your job _open for your return.Thanks.A.will be kept B.will keep C.had kept D.had been kept解析:此题考查将来时态的被动语态。keep the job/the position open使工作、职位等处于空缺状态，由句意“随时欢送你回来工作可知用将来时。答案:A【考例2】(高考，32) When he turned professional at the age of 11,Mike _ to become a world champion by his coach and parents. B.was expectingC.was expected D.would be expected解析:Mike与expect之间为动宾关系，故需用被动语态，由从句含义可以确定其时态为过去时。答案:C【考例3】(高考，29) After he became conscious,he remembered _and_ on the head with a rod.A.to attack;hit B.to be attacked;to be hitC.attacking;be hit D.having been attacked;hit解析:根据前面“After he became conscious，所以应该用remember doing表示记得干过某事，同时又是被动语态被袭击，所以第一个空应该选having been attacked。另外根据and连接的两个词表示并列，hit应该和attack采用同样的语态，hit的过去分词还是hit。答案:D【考例4】(全国高考，29 ) The water _cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.A.was felt B.is felt 解析:feel是常用词，含义广泛，可表示感官、情感、想法等，主要指通过感官感知或知觉。作连系动词时，后接形容词，表示“摸上去，不用作被动语态。根据所提供的情景“when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise可判断出要用一般过去时，表示过去发生的事。答案:C【考例5】 This kind of cloth_well and_ long.A.washes;is lasted B.is washed;lastedC.washes;lasts D.is washing;lasting 解析：由句意可知“这种布料好洗且穿得时间长，应该使用一般现在时态。wash，last表示“洗起来“穿起来都使用主动式表示被动。答案：C【考例6】(一模) What about the books?Books of this kind _well. C.are sold D.is sold解析：考查语态。这个句子中的sell是用主动形式表示被动含义，这些动词说明的是主语的特征或性质，常和一个副词连用，又如：write smoothly,wash easily等。答案：A【考例7】 My bike needs _.Which one is wrong？ B.to be repaired 解析：在need,want,require后应使用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式表示被动意义。另，repair还可作名词使用，故repairs也是正确的。答案：D【考例8】 I found the German language hard _.A.to learn B.to be learned 解析：to learn在形容词hard之后作状语且与the German language构成逻辑上的动宾关系，因此不定式应用主动形式表示被动意义。本句还可变为I found the German language was hard to learn.答案：A【考例9】(一模) Manager,do you have something _at this moment?No,thanks.Ill call you if any.A.to be typed B.to type 解析：该句考查学生的思维品质、分析句子结构和逻辑关系的能力。此处语境说明，要做事的不是经理本人，既表示被动又表示将来。答案：A【考例10】(高考，35) Mr.Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy,saying that he was not the one_ . ing C.to blame D.to be blamed解析：to blame作the one的定语。blame一词常用主动形式表示被动。如：It is Tom that is to blame.答案：C【考例11】Mr.Smith is_ charge of the factory,that is to say,the factory is _charge of Mr.Smith.A.in;in the B.in;in C.in the;in the D.in the ;in解析：in charge of表示主动意义，而in the charge of 表示被动意义。答案：A