2022年心理学双语重点 .pdf
Psychology: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. History of psychology:1 、 from philosophy : empiricism(经验主义 ) and positivism（实证主义） 2、from biology : evolution( 进化论 ) and physiology( 生理学 )3、from physics( 物理学 ) When did psychology start? : in 1879, Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology lab in Lerpzig.1890 Principles of psychology by William James. The similarity and differences between structuralism(构造主义 ) and functionalism （机能主义）: 1、The similarity : they all think the object of psychological investigation( 研究 ) should be the conscious mind. 2、 the differences : 1-Wundt or James 2-Wundt think the object of psychology investigation should be studied by introspection. 3-James argued that the workings of the mind are functional, to survive and adapt, so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for. The Psychoanalytic approach to psychology( 精神分析 )：Freud hysteria( 癔症 ) the manifestation of physical symptoms宣泄法Charcot(沙可 ) Jung 荣格Adler 阿德勒Klein 克莱因Erickson 埃里克森Oedipus complex 俄狄浦斯情结Method of investigation: case study: Free association 自由联想Dream analysis 梦的解析Areas of explanation : fixation / defense mechanisms防御机制The behaviorist approach to psychology 行为主义哲学基础： empiricism 经验主义Pavlov 巴甫洛夫classical conditioning 经典条件反射Thorndike 桑代克Skinner 斯金纳operant conditioning 操作性条件反射Watson 华生psychology as the behaviorist views it 行为主义者眼中的心理学Bandura 班杜拉social learning theory 社会学习理论Practical applications( 实际应用 ) : token economies 代币制systematic desensitization 系统脱敏The humanistic approach to psychology 人本主义 : Influenced by Gestalt psychology s idea 受格式塔心理学影响Maslow 马斯洛self-actualize 自我实现Rogers 罗杰斯client-centered therapy 当事人中心疗法 to self-actualization 建立自信Methods of investigation : phenomenological approach现象学方法The cognitive approach of psychology认知心理学：Tolman 托尔曼Piaget 皮亚杰paradigm 范式Cognitive psychology compares the human mind to a computer study perception, attention, memory, thinking, language, problem solving. Practical applications :Ellis s rational emotive therapy 理情疗法Four debates 四大争论： 1、 Reductionism 还原论 VS Holism & Interactionism整体论 &相互作用论2、nature 自然论 VS nurture 教育论 3、 freewill 自由意志Vs determinism 决定论 4、Nomothetic approach 一般原理Vs Idiographic approach 特殊规则名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - Pseudo science 伪科学： Pretending to be a science but achieving noting like the results and success of the natural sciences. Kuhn paradigm 库恩范式 :The progression of science has three historical stages : 1、 pre-science 前科学期2、Normal science 科学期 3、revolution 变革期Kuhn argues that psychology is in a stat of pre-science because there is no overall paradigm.Psychometric testing 心理测量Validity 效度 :Measure what they are supposed to measure. Reliability 信度 : Measure consistently and fairly Standardization 标准化discriminatory 区分度Are the test results properly used and applied?: 1、 do not assume the result are perfectly stable 2、 do not assume results are perfectly predicative 3、 do not use the result to label people 4、 do not use the results to compare people if the test was not devised for the purpose 5、 do not fail to take into account other important factors ,or use the test results as the only source of data. Ethical principles for conducting research with human participants(伦理 )：Consent 知情同意 deception 解释 debriefing 任务报告withdrawal from the investigation自由退出 confidentiality 保密 protection of participants 保护被试 observational research观察研究 giving advice 给予劝告翻译：internalexternal reliability内部 外部信度split half method 半分信度test-re-test method Face/content validity 正面效度concurrent validity一致性效度construct validity结构效度predictive validity 预测效度ecological validity 生态效度Research methods 定义 : operationalisation 操作化：refers to the process of making variable physically measurable or testable Independent variable 自变量 : is the variable that is manipulated in two or more conditions to see what effect is has on the dependent variable.Dependent variable 因变量 :is the main measured outcome of the experiment ,hopefully due to the manipulation of the independent variable Extraneous variable 无关变量 : other variables that could potentially influence the dependent variable apart from the independent variable. Hypotheses 假设are precise ,testable statements. They should be bold, precise, refutable(null hypothesis 零假设 / alternative hypothesis 抉择假设 ). They can be experimental hypotheses. Experimental methods 实验方法natural /quasi 自然 /准则实验法Non-experimental methods 1 非实验法observations 观察法： 1、naturalistic 自然实验法 :spontaneous behavior in the subject s own natural environment .2、 controlled 控制实验法:behavior under conditions contrived by she researcher.3、participant 参与实验法名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - Non-experimental methods 2 interviews 访谈法structured interviews 组织访谈semi-structured interviews 半组织访谈clinical interview临床访谈unstructured interview 非组织访谈questionnaires 问卷法 opinion surveys 调查问卷psychological tests 心理测验Non-experimental methods 3 negative correlation 负相关positive correlation 正相关cause and effect 因果关系sampling 取 样定 义 :：is the process of selecting subjects to study from the target population.(sample 样本 ) random sampling( 随机取样 ):every member of a target population has an equal chance of being selected. Stratified sampling( 分 层 取 样 ):involves dividing the target population into important subcategories(or strata) and then selecting members of these subcategories in the population that they occur in target population. How do psychologists control extraneous variables and bias in their studies? 心理学家在试验中怎样控制外扰变量和偏向。Type of problem/ method of control Subjects /individual differences/sample large and randomly to gain a representative sample. Allocate subject randomly. Method/ artificiality/ use a non-laboratory environment instead Design/1、 order effects/ use independent measures design instead.2、demand characteristics/ use independent measures design, deception to hide research aim, single blind method. Procedure/ distraction and confusion/ standardized instructions should be given in a clear and simple form and the subject should be asked if they have questions. Standardized procedures should be employed. How do psychologists summarize their data numerically? Levels of data: nominal data(称名数据)is a simple frequency headcount found in discrete categories is the simplest data. Ordinal data( 顺序数据 )is measurements that can be put in an order, rank or position ,the intervals between each rank, however, are unknown. Interval data(等距数据)is measurements that is known and equal. Ratio data(等比数据 )has a true zero point, whereas interval data can go into negative values, the most precise types of data. Cognitive psychology认知心理学定义：perception( 感知觉 ): the process of interpreting and organizing the environment information received by the senses. Constancy 恒常性：shape constancy 形状恒常性size constancy 大小恒常性brightness constancy 颜色（亮度）恒常性Wertheimer s phi Phenomenon 似动现象 : a series of separate lights turned off and on, one by one, in sequence will give the perception of continuous movement. Law of pragnanz: proximity接近律similarity相似律continuity连续律closure 闭合律figure-ground 背景律common fate 共运律Top-down theories and bottom-up theories of perception 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - 1、 top-down theories something referred to as constructivist theories, these theories stress the factor in the construction of reality that go beyond the information received from the sense. Gregory s theory and perceptual set theory regard perception as a very active process, where by the individual s past knowledge, expectations and stereotypes seek out sensory data to complete the picture. 2、 bottom-up theories there theories emphasize the richness of the information entering the eye and the may that perception can occur from using all the information available. Gibson believe perception occurs directly from sensation , feature detection theories examine the processes involved in assembling perception from sensations. Cocktail party effect鸡尾酒效应：at cocktail parties, people are capable of detecting their name being mentioned in other conversations that they thought they were not paying attenuation to. Focused auditory attention theories: Broadbent s filter theory 过滤器理论Treisman s attenuation theory 衰减理论deutsch-norman late selection theory 后衰减理论1、 Broadbent s filter theory: input stimulussensory registerchannels of informationselective filtersingle selected channellimited capacity processoroutput response processes. *Broadbent s filter model assumes that attended information is selected early in the system according to it s physical characteristics. 2、 Treisman s attenuation theory: input stimulusselective attenuating fitter attenuated channels of information/ selected channel semantic analysisselected channeloutput response processes. *Treisman proposed that non-attended information is diminished or ” attenuated” compared to attended information. All attenuated channels then proceed to a semantic analysis where information is noticed with an ease determined by its threshold of importance or relevance . information that has some personal importance or current temporary relevance will probably be recognized even in non-attended, poorly attenuated channels. 3、 Input stimulusall channels of information proceed to semantic analysissemantic analysisselected channelout put response processes. *The deutsch-norman theory argues that all channels of information are analysed for meaning equally and the filter is a late selection one. Types of memory Encoding types of memory: imagery memory表象记忆procedural memory程序性记忆declarative memory 陈述性记忆 . Duration types of memory记忆的持续时间类型: sensory memory 感觉记忆short term memory短时记忆long term memory 长时记忆Chunk 组块 : a group of information that be used in short term memory. Primacy effect 首因效应： subjects tend to recall the first words of the list well. Recency effect 近因效应：subjects usually recall those items from the end of the list first, and tend to get more of these correct on average than all the earlier items. Recall 回忆 : this involves the active searching of our memory with very few external memory cues. Recognition 再认 :this involves a sense of familiarity with external material whether we can 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - name/ identify it or not. Developmental Psychology Attachment 依恋： a strong ,long lasting and close emotional bond between two people, which causes distress on separation from the attached individual.How does the attachment develop? 1、 pre-attachment phase 前依赖期0-3 months 2、 indiscriminate attachment phase 无区别依赖期3-7months 3、 discriminate attachment phase 区别依赖期7-9months 4、 multiple attachment phase 复合依赖期9 months onward major consequences of privation and their precise likely causes 依恋剥夺的影响: intellectual retardation 智力迟缓 affectionless psychopathy 情感淡薄anti-social behavior/ delinquency 反社会行为enuresis 尿床developmental dwarfism 发展性侏儒schema 图式 : an internal representation of a specific physical or mental action. Operations 操作化： higher order mental structures which enable the child to understand more complex rules about how the environment works. Assimilation 同化 : the process whereby new objects ,situations or ideas are understood in terms of schemata the child already possesses Accommodation 顺应： the process whereby the existing schemata have to be modified to fit new situations, objects or in formations. Piaget s stages of cognitive development:1 、the sensorimotor stage2、the pre-operational stage2、concrete operational stage4、formal operational stage Zone of proximal development(ZOP) The distance between the actual developmental level as determined by individual problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers. Moral development 道德发展superego 超我 Oedipus 俄狄浦斯identification 认同 conscience自我 ego-ideal 本我Moral reasoning 道德理论：Piaget s theory: heteronomous morality 他律道德autonomous morality 自律道德Kohlberg s theory: 1、pre-conventional:1-punishment & obedience orientation 2-instrumental-relativist orientation 2、 conventional:1-good boy-nice girl orientation 4-law &order orientation 3 、post-conventional:5-social contract orientation 6-universal principles orientation Learning theories of moral development Classical conditioning/ operant conditioning/ positively reinforced/ social learning theory Social Psychology 定义： social power refers to the influence a person has to change another s thoughts, feeling, or behavior. Types of power 权利分类1、 reward power 奖励2、 coercive power 惩罚3、 referent power 认同4、 legitimate power 合法5、 expert power 专家名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - 6、 informational power信息social theories of conformity 顺从 : informational social influence, normative social influence, ingratiational social influence group behavior: groupthink 群体思维 brain storming 头脑风暴 conformity 顺从 group polarisation群体极化social loafing 社会惰化social facilitation 社会促进The situational determinants of helping behavior: the reactions of others他人反应 the norms of society 社会准则ambiguity 模棱两可the number of bystanders 观察者数量environmental location 环境位置the proximity of bystander旁观者与被害人的距离psychological disorders are behaviors or mental processes that are connected with various kinds of distress or disability. behavior or mental processes are suggestive of psychological disorders when they meet some combination of the following criteria. 1.they are unusual 2.they suggest faulty perception or interpretation of reality. 3.they suggest severe personal distress. 4.they are selfdefeating.5.they are dangerous. 6.the individuals behavior is socially unacceptable. the multiaxial classification system of dsm iv axis 1 clinical syndromes . psychological disorders that impair functioning and are stressful to the individual. axis 2 personality disorders .deeply ingrained,maladaptive ways of perceibing others and behaviors that are stressful to the individual or to persons who relate to that individual.axis 3 general medical conditions. chronic and acute illnesses,that affect functioning and treatment . axis 4. psychosocial and enbironmenal problems /streessors that occurred during the past year that may habe contribute to the developmen of a nes mental disorder or the recurrence of aprior disorder. axis 5 global assessment of functioning .overalljudgment of current functioning and the highest levle of functioning ingthe past year according o psychological phobias 恐惧panic disorder 惊恐障碍generalized anxiety disorder 广泛性焦虑障碍ovsessive anxiety disorder 强迫症posttraumaticstressdisorder 创伤后应激障碍dissociative amnesia 分离性失忆名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - malingering 装病dissociative identity disorder 分离性身份识别障碍depersonalization disorder 人格精神障碍somatoform diso
