2022年高考英语语法精讲精练-非谓语动词 2.pdf

新课标高三第二轮专题讲解非谓语动词是高考的重点和热点，也是我们英语学习中所碰到的难点之一。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式，V-ing 分词（又分为现在分词和动名词）和过去分词。1.非谓语动词的语法功能所能充当的成分主语表语宾语宾语（主语）补足语定语插入语（独立成分）V-ing 形式现在分词动名词不定式（ to do）过去分词（ done）注：常见作独立成分的非谓语动词to tell you the truth( 实话说 )，needless to say ( 不用说 ) ，to be honest/frank( 老实说， 坦白说) ， to be more exact( 更确切地说) ，to make things worse ( 更糟的是 ) ， not to mention ( 更不用说 ) ， Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking ( 一般说来 / 坦白说 / 粗略地说 ) 2.非谓语动词的变化形式非谓语形式构成时态语态复合结构否定式主动被动不定式一般式to do to be done for sb. to do sth. 或of sb. to do sth. 在“to ”前加 not 或 never 进行式to have done to have been done 完成式to be doing / 完成进行式to have been doing / 动名词一般式doing being done sb. 或sb s doing 作主语要用sb s doing在前加 not 特 别 注 意 复 合结构的否定式：sb s not doingsb s not having done 完成式having done having been done 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 47 页现在分词与动名词变化形式相同在前加 not （一）辨别谓语与非谓语特别注意分析句子的结构才能辨别谓语与非谓语。The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. A. being weighed B. weighs C. weighed D. weighing 【解析】容易误选B 或 C， 将其当成谓语看待。under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds 用作 children 的定语。动词weigh 与名词 children是主动关系，所以选择 weighing 。 _ blood if you can and many lives will be saved. A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give 【解析】 如果不注意分析句子结构，会误选 A 或 C 项。这是祈使句 +and+ 陈述句的句型。答案B。（二）非谓语作主语、宾语的重点1.it 充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语It is important for us to learn English very well.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。I think it important for us to learn English very well.我认为对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。it 作形式主语使用动名词的句型 It is no use/no good/useless+doing sth. It is no use crying. 哭没有用。 It is fun(a great pleasure, a waste of time) It is a waste of time trying to explain. 设法解释是浪费时间。2.用不定式还是用动名词作宾语有特殊规定 I don t want _ like I m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager s plan is unfair. A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded 【解析】 want 后要跟动词不定式作宾语，sound 是连系动词不用被动式，与谓语动词精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 47 页没有时间的先后，故不可用它的完成式。答案A。类似的知识点要记牢。如： help, hope, ask, refuse, decide, promise, wish, pretend, expect, arrange, learn, plan, demand, dare, manage, agree, prepare, fail, determine, offer, choose, desire, elect, long等动词后要用动词不定式作宾语。 It is difficult to imagine his _the decision without any consideration. A. accept B. accepting C. to accept D. accepted 【解析】 imagine 要求用动名词作宾语。答案B。类似的知识点要记牢。下列常见的这些动词（组）后要用动词动名词作宾语suggest, risk, devote oneself to（建议冒险去献身）finish, imagine, bear/stand, look forward to （完成想象忍盼望）give up, delay/put off, regret, miss （放弃延期悔失去）insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practice （坚持欣赏要实践）pay attention to, excuse, escape/avoid, object to（注意原谅逃 /避反对）keep, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind（保持习惯勿介意）be worth, set about/burst out/get down to, be busy （值得开始将忙乎）3.用不定式还是用动名词作宾语意义不同In some parts of London, missing a bus means _for another hour. A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting 【解析】此题意为“在英国的一些地方，如果错过了公交车就意味着再等一个小时。” mean doing sth 意为“意味着什么”，mean to do sth 意为 “ 试图、打算做什么 ” 。答案 A。类似的知识点要记牢。动词本身意义不变，跟不定式和动名词意义不同remember to do sth. 记住要做remember doing sth.记得过去做过forget to do sth. 忘了已做过的事forget doing sth. 忘记要做某事 动词本身意义改变，跟不定式和动名词意义不同regret to do sth.对马上要或不做的事表示遗憾精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 47 页regret doing sth.对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔mean to do sth.打算，想要mean doing 意味着，意思是try to do sth. 努力做某事try doing sth. 尝试做某事can t help doing sth.情不自禁，忍不住can t help (to) do sth.不能帮忙做某事be considered to have done被认为已经做了consider to be认为是consider doing 考虑做某事 动词本身意义不变，跟不定式被动式和动名词意义相同want，need，require 接动名词表示被动意义，接不定式就要用被动式，这时主语与动名词之间为动宾关系These young trees require looking after （=to be looked after ）. The matter needs thinking over(=to be thought over). 下列动词跟动词不定式做目的状语，跟动名词作宾语stop to do 停下来，要做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）stop doing 停止做（动名词作宾语）go on to do 接着做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）go on doing 继续做同一件事（动名词作宾语）4.有些动词后要用“疑问词不定式”结构作复合宾语It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it 【解析】本题考查“疑问词不定式”和动词短语do with 的用法。答案C。（三）非谓语作表语的重点不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。Our plan is to keep the affair secret. 我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 47 页Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people. 他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。The music they are playing sounds exciting. 他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world. 这个美丽的村庄仍未外界所知。现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“ 怎么样” 的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。如：This dog is frightening. 这条狗让人害怕。 （说明狗的特征）This dog is frightened. 这条狗有些害怕。 （说明狗的心理状态）Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a days climbing. 爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了。（tiring 说明 climbing 的特征， tired 说明我们的状态）注意：在下列句中，非谓语动词具体的语法功能What he wanted to suggest is to cut down the price and increase the sales. 他想建议的是降价促销。（不定式作表语，说明主语 “是什么”）My American teacher is to leave China soon. 我的美国老师即将离开中国。（不定式作表语，表示将来）Her work is taking care of the children. 她的工作是照顾小孩。 （现在分词作表语，说明主语“是什么”）She is taking care of the children. 她在照料小孩。 （构成进行时， 说明主语正在执行的动作）The cup is broken.杯子碎了。（过去分词作表语，说明主语所处的状态）The cup was broken by Peter.杯子是被彼得打坏的。 （构成被动语态，说明主语是动作的承受者）（四）非谓语作宾语补足语的重点1.理解下表中所列的关系非谓语与宾语的逻辑关系与谓语动作的时间关系不定式主动关系 在谓语动词后发生 不带 to 的不定式表示动作的全过程现在分词主动关系同时进行过去分词被动关系动作已经完成或表示状态精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 47 页When I came in, I saw her dancing happily. （主动进行）I saw him go to the cinema. （主动，全过程）We heard her singing next door.（主动进行）We heard the song sung by her next door. （被动完成）We heard the song being sung next door. （被动进行）2.下列动词和短语必须以用不定式作宾语补足语wish, want, ask, require/request, order, warn, allow/permit, forbid, expect, remind, encourage, inspire, call on, depend on 注意： advise/allow/permit/forbid +宾语 +不定式作宾语补足语advise/allow/permit/forbid +动名词作宾语时What did the librarian _ out of the library? A. permit to take B. forbid to be taken C. allow to take D. insist being takenI don t allow _ in my office and I dont allow my family _ at all. A . to smoke smokingB. smoking to smoke C. to smoke to smoke D. smoking smoking答案： BB 3. 在 think, consider, find 等动词后常用to be +adj. 结构作宾语补足语，有时to be 省略。We all discover him (to be) kind and honest. 4.几个特别的结构have+宾语 +do/doing/done “ have + 宾语 + do sth ”意为“让 / 叫/ 使某人做某事”。此结构中的have 是使役动词，宾语后的do sth 是不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.老板经常要他们一天工作14 个小时。“ have +宾语 + doing”意为“叫 / 让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生”。宾语后面用现在分词作宾语补足语，表示宾语与现在分词表示的动作之间为主动关系，且动作正在进行。Don t have the dog barking much , Lilin. 李林，别让狗狂吠不停。“ have + 宾语 +done”意为“让 / 叫/ 使/ 请别人做某事”或者是“遭受/ 遭遇了，此时， 主语是无意中的受害者，而不是动作的执行者”的意思。宾语后面用过去分词作精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 47 页宾语补足语，说明宾语与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系。We had the machine mended just now.我们刚才请人把机器修好了。He had his leg injured while playing football.他在踢足球时腿受了伤。get+宾语 +to do/doing/done三种结构的意义请参看上述“have+宾语 +do/doing/done ”的意义解释。He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。catch sb. doing sth逮住某人干某事If she catches me reading her diary, she ll be furious. 如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。 make + oneself + doneoneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系，或者说是被动关系He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。（五）非谓语作定语的重点1.理解下表中所列的关系分类形式与被修饰词的逻辑关系与谓语动作的时间关系不定式to do 动宾关系在谓语动作后发生“ the last/next/first.” 后常接不定式作定语，表示主谓关系在谓语动作前或者后发生to be done 被动关系在谓语动作后发生现在分词doing 主动关系与谓语动作同时进行being done 被动关系与谓语动作同时进行过去分词done 被动关系在谓语动作之前发生存在的状态或情况It is a good chance to practice your spoken English. 这是练习你的口语的好机会。He was the last one to leave the office. 他是最后一个离开办公室的。The woman standing over there is our English teacher. 站在那边的那个妇女是我们的英语老师。The house to be built (=which will be built/which is to be built) next year will be our new library. （将要建的）The house being built (=which is being built) now will be our new library.（正在建的）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 47 页The house built (=which was built) last year is our new library now.（已经建成的）I like reading books written by Lu Xun.我喜欢读鲁迅写的小说。2.动词不定式尾后的介词不能丢When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _. A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to 【解析】该题中须用不定式短语作后置定语，排除B 和 D；答案 A 中，没有to 就意味着是把 George 这个人打发走。 本句意思是将该报告送给这个人George, it 指这个报告，因此to 不能少。答案C。（六）非谓语作状语的重点1.理解下表中所列的关系非谓语与逻辑主语（即句子的主语）的关系与谓语动作的时间关系doing（一般式）作状语主动关系（几乎）与谓语动作同时进行having done（完成式）作状语主动关系先于谓语动作发生having been done （完成被动式）作状语被动关系先于谓语动作发生done（过去分词）作状语被动关系已经在过去发生或是不十分强调时间概念Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine. Having (=Because we have) made full preparations, we are sure to be successful. Having been shown around(=After we had been shown) the library, we were then taken to see the laboratory.Seen (=When the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful. Locked (=When he was locked) up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world.2.too to , enough to do , only to等结构表示结果The boy is too young to join the navy. 这男孩太小参不了海军。The hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people. 这厅大得足以容纳一千人。They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet他们搬起石头结果却砸了自己的脚。注意：动词作结果作状语表示未曾预料的结果，而现在分词作结果状语表示自然而然或必然的结果。Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 47 页The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. 3.分词（短语）作状语的附着规则使用分词（短语）作句子状语时，有一条规则必须遵守：即分词（短语）的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语一致，否则句子就是错句。_from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see 【解析】 此处是非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语，非谓语动词与逻辑主语是被动关系，用过去分词。答案A 。对比： Seeing from the top of the tower, we can find the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. 主要：已经成为固定用法的非谓语动词（短语）不需要遵守这条附着规则常见的的有： considering ( 鉴于 / 考虑到 ) ， judging by/from ( 从来看，依据来判断) ，supposing that (假定 ) ， providing that ( 假定 ) ，according to ( 依据) ，including( 包括) ，owing to ( 由于) ，talking /speaking of( 谈及)given ( 考虑到 ), provided that( 如果)4.独立主格结构和with 复合结构逻辑主语 +不定式 /现在分词 /过去分词I send you 100 dollars today, the rest to follow in a year. 今天我先给你寄100 美元。其余的钱一年内陆续寄过去。Weather permitting, I ll go to the park with my parents on Sunday. 如果天气允许，星期天我将和爸妈去公园。All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 考虑到所有的情况，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消。with(without)+宾语 +不定式 /现在分词 /过去分词With a lot of difficult problems to settle ,the newly elected president is having a hard time. 有很多难题要解决新任总统日子可不好过！Without anything to eat, he died of hunger. 由于没有东西吃，他饿死了。The Yangtze river is very busy with so many boats and ships coming and going every day. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 47 页每天长江上各种船只来来往往显得格外忙碌。Without any more time given, we couldnt finish the task in three weeks. 如果不另给我们时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。With everything well arranged, he left the office.一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。（七）不定式的省略不定式的省略我们可以分作两种，一种是对不定式符号“to ”的省略（如：make sb. do sth等） ；另一种则是不定式符号“ to ”后省略实义动词的形式。这儿讲的是第二种情况（又称不定式符号to 的替代作用） 。常见情形有：would/should like/love to, used to, have to, ought to, be going to, be able to, be willing to 等后面的to 均为不定式符号，重复时可省略to 后该不定式短语。如： Could you lend me your dictionary? 能把你的词典借给我吗？ I d like to (lend you my dictionary). 行。动词 afford, agree, expect, forget, hope, intend, manage, need, pretend, refuse, try, want, wish 等后面常接不定式短语作宾语，重复时可省略to 后该宾语。如：You may ask him for help if you want to (ask him for help). 如果你愿意，可以请他帮你。动词 allow, beg, expect, forbid, force, invite, order, permit, tell, persuade等后面常接不定式短语作宾语补足语，重复时可省略to 后该宾语补足语。如：I ll go to her birthday party if she invites me to (go to her birthday party). 如果她邀请我参加她的生日聚会，我会去。（八）非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般说来非谓语动词的逻辑主语要么就是句子的主语或宾语，要么就是被它所修饰的中心词。 但是有时需要明确非谓语动词所表示动作的执行者或承受者，这时就要标明它的逻辑主语。当动名词短语作主语、宾语或表语时，具有名词特性，其逻辑主语由“名词所有格或形容词性物主代词”表示，放在动名词短语之前。当动名词短语不在句首时，也精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 47 页可由“名词普通格或代词宾格”表示。Helen s/Her being absent made the teacher very angry. 海伦 /她没来上课，让老师很生气。They insisted on my/me speaking at the meeting. 他们坚持要我在会上发言。形容词 +for + 名词或代词+ 动词不定式形容词通常表示事物的性质It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday.你们有必要在星期五前做完这项工作。His idea is for us to travel in different cars. 他的主意是让我们乘不同的车去旅游。形容词 +of+ 名词或代词+ 动词不定式形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征How careless it is of him to break such a valuable vase! 他真不小心，把如此贵重的花瓶打破了。It s brave of you to go into the burning building to save the baby!你真勇敢，冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿（九）关于 there be 的非谓语形式there be 非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语1.作动词宾语时，通常用there to be 结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like ，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：We dont want there to be any comrades lagging behind. 我们不希望有任何同志掉队。They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。We have no objection to there being a meeting here 我们并不反对在这里开会。2.作状语多用there being 结构，但若置于介词for 之后要用there to be There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself 由于附近没有人， 我只得独自干了。( 原因状语 )It s too early for there to be anybody up太早了，还不会有人起床。( 作程度状语 ) There having been no rain for a long time ，the ground was very dry. 因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。( 原因状语 )3.作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for 引导则要用there to be. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 47 页It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young. 老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers. 校园内有幼儿园对女教师十分方便。Please do me a favor _ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight. A. to invite B. inviting C. invite D. invited 【解析】答案为C。该题目把祈使句，非谓语动词以及破折号的作用综合到一起来进行考察查。句意：请帮我个忙邀请我的朋友史密斯先生今晚7 点半到青年剧院。破折号后是一个祈使句。1. 作宾语时的区别 I can t stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses_ talking while she works. A. working , stopping B. to work, stopping C. working, to stop D. to work , to stop 【解析】答案为C。stand 在这里表示“忍受”，后面要求用动名词作宾语，而“refuse”要用不定式作宾语。 Isnt it time you got down to_ the papers? A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking 【解析】答案为D。 “ got down to” 中的 “ to” 是介词因而要用动名词作宾语，而动名词“ marking ” 与其逻辑主语“ you” 是主动关系。 There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road conditions need _. A. that, to be improved B. which , to be improved C. where, improving D. when, improving 【解析】答案为A。因为 “ 公路状况需要改善” ，“ need” 后接 “ improving ” 或“ to be improved ”精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 47 页都可以。后面的从句应是“ problem ” 的同位语，应用“ that ” 引导。Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried alone, but she didn t like it and moved back home.A. living B. to liveC. to be living D. having lived 【解析】答案为A。try doing sth. 意为 “ 试着做某事 ” ；try to do sth. 意为 “ 尽力去做某事 ” 。句意：苏姗不想依赖父母。她试着一个人生活，但不喜欢这样，又搬回家去了。All the staff in our company are considering_ to the city centre for the fashion show. A. to go B. going C. to have gone D. having gone 【解析】答案为B。consider doing 意为“考虑做某事”。2.作表语时的区别 Tom sounds very much _ in the job, but I m not sure whether he can manage it. A. interested B. interesting C. interestingly D. interestedly 【解析】答案为A。“ sound”是连系动词，应使用形容词化的分词作表语。C、D 备选项都是副词，应排除。“interest ”的现在分词表示主语所具有的特征，意思是“令人感兴趣的”；过去分词表示主语所处的状态，意思是“感兴趣的”。Please remain ;the winner of the prize will be announced soon. A. seating B. seated C. to seat D. to be seated 【解析】答案为B。“seat”是及物动词，“be seated=sit down ”。此处“ seated=sitting ”。“remain seated ”保持坐着的状态。句意为：请各位在座位上坐着；获