江苏高中英语语法总结.docx

精品名师归纳总结可编辑修改,可打印 别找了你想要的都有！精品训练资料全册教案,试卷,教学课件,教学设计等一站式服务全力满意教学需求,真实规划教学环节最新全面教学资源,打造完善教学模式可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结牛津高中英语模块一第一单元定语从句一、定语从句：定语从句的介绍1. 就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词一样,定语从句也可以修饰名词。定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词。形容词： The green team介词短语： The team in green定语从句： The team who were wearing green2. 定语从句通常由关系代词来引导,如which, that, who, whom, whose,或关系副词来引导,如when, where, why 。关系代词可以在定语从句中担当主语,宾语,表语,定语。关系副词可以在定语从句中担当状语。如： 做主语 The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.做宾语 The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.做表语 Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.做定语 She has a brother whose name I can t remember.做状语 The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.二、定语从句：关系代词：that , which,who, whom,和 whose1. 在定语从句中, that 和 which 用来指代物。如： This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.2. 在定语从句中, who用来指代人。如： I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK.3. 当 who 在定语从句中做宾语时,可以用whom 来取代,且 whom 比 who 更正式。如： I don t know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day.4. 当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时,who , whom , which 和 that 可以被省略。如： He likes all the birthday presentsthat/whichhis friends gave him.5. Whose 用来表示所属,它既可指人也可指物。如： I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane.The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.其次单元定语从句一、定语从句：介词提前的定语从句（ preposition which; prepositionwhom ） 当关系代词（ which/whom ）做定语从句中介词的宾语时,可以把介词提到关系代词的前面。如： We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.在非正式英语中,介词通常放在定语从句的最终。如： Art is the subject which I know little about.假如介词放在定语从句的最终,which可以被 that 取代, whom 可以被 that 和 who取代。如： Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to.当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语,并且介词又放在定语从句的末尾时,我们通常省略关系代可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结词 who 和 that 。如： The topic which Eric is interested in is Physics.Daniel is the person whom I want to make friends with.当先行词是 way 时,我们用 in which 或 that 来引导定语从句,这种情形下,in which或 that可以被省略。如： I didn t like the way that /in which she talked to me.二、定语从句：关系副词：when, where, why我们通常用关系副词when 引导先行词是 time , moment , day, season, year 等的定语从句。如： Do you remember the day when we left you in charge.I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO.2. 我们通常用关系副词where 引导先行词是 place, house,city , country , city, world 等的定语从句。如： The police searched the house where the thief had stayed. This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.3. 我们通常用关系副词why 引导先行词是 reason 的定语从句。如： I don t know the reason why the house is so dirty.4. 在更加正式的英语中,where ,when 和 why 能够被介词 which 所替代。如： The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father.This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.第三单元定语从句一、定语从句：非限制性定语从句1非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句,在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号。如： Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them. 2当先行词是整个主句时,可以用which 来引导定语从句。如： He missed the show, which was a great pity.3我们可以用 all whom/which来表示全部数量,用some of whom/which来表示部分数量。如： I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health.Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.二、附加疑问句1. 附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句。它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对话,以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息,温顺的发号施令或要求某人做某事。我们用附加疑问句来询问看法或征求同意。当我们用附加疑问句来询问看法时,为了期望对方能同意我们的观点,附加疑问句会用降调来表达。当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时,我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的事情,这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达。2. 附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：1） 在确定的陈述句之后,我们会用否定的附加疑问句。在否定的陈述句之后,我们会用确定可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结的附加疑问句。如： We can still be friends, can t we.He doesn t like ice cream, does he.2） 当主句中有像 neither ,none ,nobody ,nothing ,few,little ,never ,hardly 或 seldom 这类词时,它们被认为是否定的,因此后面会跟个确定的附加疑问句。如： Neither of you will have coffee, will you.No one has found my CD, have they. Nobody understood his speech, did they.His sister seldom argues with people, does she.3） 人称代词如I,we, you,he ,she,it 或 they 会放在附加疑问句中。如： I was pretty silly, wasn t I.Everyone has advises you not to go on a diet, haven t you.4） 助动词,情态动词或be 动词会放在附加疑问句中。如： You like traveling, don t you.There is something wrong, isn t there. You can t speak Italian, can you.5） 祁使句后用will you , Let s 后用 shall we如： Post a letter for me, will you.Let s have a break, shall we.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结牛津高中英语模块二第一单元现在完成时态一、现在完成时态1. 我们用现在完成时态来表示在最近的过去发生的但跟现在有联系的事情。如： The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.2. 我们也用现在完成时态来表示在过去刚开头,并且现在仍没终止的事情。如： I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.3. 当动作发生的准确时间不清晰或不重要时,我们也用现在完成时态。 常常连用的时间短语有：alreadyeverforjustlatelyneverrecentlysinceyet already用语确定句, yet 用语否定句。如： The boy has already come home.I haven t heard anything from him yet. for+一段时间since+点时间如： We haven t seen him for two years.We haven t seen him since 2002.注： 当已给定详细的时间时,我们往往用一般过去时态,而不是现在完成时态。4. 我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作。如： The police have just finished searching the area.5. 我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作。如： Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times.6. 现在完成时态的构成是：have/has+ 动词的过去分词二、现在完成进行时态1. 我们用现在完成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将连续的动作。如： I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.2. 我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚终止但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作。如： - Sorry Im late. Have you been waiting long.- Yes, I ve been waiting for an hour.3. 现在完成进行时态的构成：have/has +been +doing注： for 和 since 和现在完成进行时态连用。如： I have been waiting for a long time. He has been waiting since nine oclock. 三、现在完成时态仍是现在完成进行时态1我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作,用现在完成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作。如： Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. She finished reading the book.Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. She is still reading the book. 2我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作,用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作。如： I have visited Egypt twice this month.I have been touring Egypt for two months.现在完成时态用于回答how many/much的提问,现在完成进行时态用语回答how long 的提问。如：How many times have you swum in the lake.How long have you been swimming in the lake.3. 状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中,但只有动作动词可以用在现在完成进行时态中。如： I have had this camera for five years.状态动词 I have taken photos of UFO with this camera.（动作动词）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结existI have been taking photos of UFO with this camera.（动作动词）注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作,如 go,play。状态动词表示保持不变的动作,如 like, know ,4. 当 never ,yet,already,ever 显现在句子中时, 只用现在完成时态,而不用现在完成进行时态。如： I ve never visited Paris.I ve already been to Paris.其次单元将来进行时态一、将来进行时态1. 我们用将来进行时态来：1）谈论将来一段时间正在进行的事情。如： Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week 2）谈论从将来的某一点开头并且有可能要连续一段时间的事情。如： Toby will not be in London next Tuesday. He will be climbing in the Himalayas.3）没有任何意图的表达将来的事情。如： The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London. 在这种情形下表示事情是很自然的发生的,没有人为的支配。 4）礼貌的询问有关其他人将来的方案。如： Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania.2. 将来进行时态的构成： 1）陈述句： willnot+v-ing如： Toby and his brother, Colin, will not be flying to Morocco.2） 疑问句： will提到主语的前面如： Will they be flying to Morocco on 15th July.3） 回答： will （ not ）如： Yes, they will. /No, they will notwon t二、过去将来时态1. 我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来：1） 表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作。如： They set off at 9 a.m. and would reach the airport an hour later.2) 暗指一个过去的目的。如： I was going to leave, but then it rained.3) 暗指一个过去的支配。如： Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon.4) 指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作。如： The journey that was to change Toby s life started in July that year.2. 陈述句中过去将来时态的构成： 1） would + 动词原形如： I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling.2) was/were going to , was /were to , was/were about to如： We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn t have time.It was his last day at school-he was to leave the next morning.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.第三单元过去完成时态一、过去完成时态1. 我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作。当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时,就用过去完成时态。如： Upon entering the tomb, Carter s lucky pet bird, which had led him tothe place, was eaten by a snake.2. 在直接引语中,我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态。如：“ We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,” said Carter.-Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained.3. 过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作,并不是指发生在一长段时间以前的动作。如： I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.4. 过去完成时态常常跟以下引导的时间短语连用,如 when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.如： Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died.5. 过去完成时态的构成：had+v-ed如： Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before he madehis most amazing discovery.二、现在完成时态仍是过去完成时态当我们谈论一个与现在有关的过去的事情时,我们用现在完成时态。如： Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.当我们在谈论过去,并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候,我们就要用过去完成时态。如： Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter s team began to fall ill and die strangly.7可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结牛津高中英语模块三第一单元名词性从句：名词性从句的介绍一、名词性从句：名词性从句的介绍名词性从句在句中的作用和名词或名词短语的作用是一样的。1. 我们可以用名词性从句做句子的主语。如： That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.Whether he ll be able to come is not yet known. Why they have not left yet is unclear.我们可以用 it 来做形式主语。如： It was good news that everyone got back safely.2. 我们可以用名词性从句来做动词的宾语。如： she sensed that she was being watched.I wonder if/whether that s a good idea. Polly didn t know which way she should go.我们可以用名词性从句来做介词的宾语。如： I m interested in who that tall man is.There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man.我们可以用 it 来做形式宾语。如： we all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone.The conductor has made it clear that no buses will be running.3. 我们可以用名词性从句来做表语。如： the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far.My question is whether Polly can find her way home. The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd.4. 我们可以用名词性从句来做一个名词的同位语。如： the fact that Polly didn t ask for the man s name is a pity.The news that the plane had crashed made us sad. Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing.5. 我们用 that , if/whether或一个疑问词来引导名词性从句。如： I hope that Polly will be OK.No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accident. She couldn t imagine how the blind man had found her.二 名词性从句：用 that 或 if/whether 引导的名词性从句1我们用 that来引导名词性从句。1）当从句是一个陈述句时,我们用that 来引导名词性从句。如： She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.2 在大多数情形下, 我们不用 that 来引导介词后的名词性从句,但是, 可以用 that 来引导 in或 except 后的宾语从句。如： The problem lies in that the mist may become a thick fog.I didn t tell him anything except that I wasn t able to find my way back.3） 当名词性从句做句子的主语时,that 不能省略。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结如： That we couldn t find our way out was really bad news.4） 在非正式英语中,当名词性从句做句子的宾语或表语时,that 可以省略。如： She wished that someone would come along to help her. The truth is that the buses will not be running.1. 我们用 if 或 whether来引导名词性从句。1） 当从句是个一般疑问句时,我们用 if 或 whether 来引导名词性从句。 我们把 if 或 whether后面从句的次序改成陈述句的语序。如： She wondered. Would the buses still be running.She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running.2） 介词后只能用 whether ,而不能用 if 。如： She is not certain about whether she has done anything wrong.3） 当从句做主语放在句子开头时,只能用whether ,而不能用 if 。如： Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering.4） 只能用 whether or not ,而不能用 if or not 。如： I want to know whether or not the train goes to King Street.2. 假如 and 或 but 引导两个并列的that 或 whether/if引导的名词性从句,后一个句子的 that或 whether/if不行省。如：He said that he liked rain very much and that he wouldnt use an umbrella when it was raining.No one knows whether it will be fine tomorrow and whether he will come to work.其次单元名词性从句：由疑问词引导的名词性从句一、名词性从句：由疑问词引导的名词性从句我们用以下的疑问词来引导名词性从句：what,which, who/whom,whose, when, where, why and how 。1. 当从句是 wh- 引导的疑问句时,我们用疑问词来引导名词性从句。从句可以做句子的主语,宾语或表语。如： Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech.You can begin to see why English has such strange rules.That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules.2. 我们把疑问词后面的句式改成陈述句的语序。如： What are people from the north saying.People from the south find it difficult to understand.People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the north are saying.3. 在任何情形下,都不行以省略名词性从句中的疑问引导词。二、形式主语 it在英语中,我们通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用于强调。这被称做句末强调成效。用形式主语 it 就可以达到这一成效。It 只是语法意义上的主语,真正的主语在句子的后面。1. 我们通常用 it 来做形式主语。1） 当我们用一个名词性从句来做句子的主语时：（更好的） It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today.（正确的） That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain.2） 当主语是带 to 的动词不定式时：9.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结（更好的） It is hard to master a foreign language.（正确的） To master a foreign language is hard.3） 当主语是动词 -ing 形式时：（更好的） Smoking is difficult to stop.（正确的） It is difficult to stop smoking.2. It 可以被放在 seem,appear, happen ,chance,turn out和 prove 前做句子的 形式主语。如： It seems that he speaks two languages.=he seems to speak two languages.It happens that my new neighbor comes from my hometown.=My new neighbor happens to come from my hometown.3. 我们可以用句型it+be+被强调的名词或短语 +that 或 who 引导的从句来强调句子中的主语, 宾语或状语。如： It was last night not any other timethat I read about the history of English.假如不强调任何成分,句子可以是：I read about the history of English last night.第三单元宾语补足语一、宾语补足语1宾语补足语为宾语供应更多的信息。如： They called her the Loulan Beauty.2宾语补足语通常以下面形式显现：动词+宾语+宾语补足语,宾语补足语通常可以是名词短语或形容词。如： They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society.We found the ruins most interesting.3. 有时侯带 to 的动词不定式和不带to 的动词不定式可以做宾语补足语。如： They believed him to be honest.Professor Zhang s speech made us all laugh.4. 宾语补足语可以时介词短语。如： She found ourselves in the middle of a desert.5. 宾语不足语通常和宾语在数上是一样的。如： She made Joe her assistant. She made Joe and Sue her assistants.二、 Either or和 Neither nor1我们用 either or 来表示挑选性。如： （连接主语） either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now.连接动词 people either tried to escape or stayed in their houses. 连接宾语 we could choose to eat either noodles or rice.连接状语 they are going to the museum either today or tomorrow.3 我们用 neither nor 来连接表示否定的观点。 （ both and的反义词） 如： neither the museum nor the site itself interested her.They neither told me the location nor showed me the map. I ate neither the noodles nor the rice.They went there neither by train nor by air.三、主谓一样可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结主谓一样是指在主语后挑选正确的单