2022年材料科学与工程专业学习英语.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 材料科学与工程专业英语Unit1 Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering Materials are properly more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Trans -portation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation and food production-virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members' abilities to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development i.e.Stone Age, Bronze Age. The earliest humans has access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones: these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process, that is, deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one that was best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristic. It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society. The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. Advancement in the under-standing of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not have been possible without the availability of inexpensive steel of some other comparable substitutes. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials. Materials Science Engineering Materials science is an interdisciplinary study that combines chemistry, physics, metallurgy, engineering and very recently life sciences. One aspect of materials science involves studying and designing materials to make them useful and reliable in the service of humankind. It strives for basic understanding of how structures and processes on the atomic scale result in the properties and functions familiar at the engineering level. Materials scientists are interested in physical and chemical phenomena acting across large magnitudes of space and time scales. In this regard it differs from physics of chemistry where the emphasis is more on explaining the properties of pure substances. In materials science there is also an emphasis on developing and using knowledge to understand how the properties of materials can be controllably designed by varying the compositions, structures, and the way in which the bulk and surfaces phase materials are processed. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of those structure properties correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties. In other words, materials engineering mainly deals with the use of materials in design and how materials are manufactured. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 38 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - "Structure" is a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next large structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed "microscopic" meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed "macroscopic". The notion of "property" deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subject to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size. Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories; mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is s characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force: examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric filed. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation: index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials. In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, namely "processing" and "performance". With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material's performance will be a function of its properties. Thus, the interrelationship between processing, structure, properties, and performance is linear as follows: ProcessingStructurePropertiesPerformance Why Study Materials Science and Engineering. Why do we study materials. Many an applied scientists or engineers, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will be exposed to a design problem involving materials at one time or another. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials. Many times, a materials problem is to select the right material from many thousands available ones. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be characterized. On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary. A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may 名师归纳总结 occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mechanical strength 第 2 页,共 38 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive environments. Finally, probably the overriding consideration is economics. What will the finished product cost. A material may be found that has the ideal set of properties, but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable. The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication. The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria. Selected from Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, by William D Callister,2002 New Words and Expressions pottery n. 陶瓷 by virtue of 依靠（ 力气）,凭借,由于,由于 empower vt. 授权,准许,使能够 empower sb.to do sth. 授权某人做某事 forerunner n. 先驱（者）,传令官,预兆 stepwise a. 逐步地,分阶段地 interdisciplinary a. 交叉学科的 metallurgy n. 冶金学 nebulous a. 星云的,云雾状的,模糊的,模糊的 agglomerate n. 大团,大块；a. 成块的,凝结的 elaboration n. 详尽的细节,说明,阐述 electrical conductivity 电导性,电导率 dielectric constant 介电常数 thermal conductivity 热导性,热导率 heat capacity 热容 refraction n. 衍射 reflectivity n. 反射 ductility n. 延展性 corrosive a. 腐蚀的,蚀坏的,腐蚀性的；n. 腐蚀物,腐蚀剂 overriding a. 最重要的；高于一切的 prohibitive a. 禁止的,抵制的 judicious a. 明智的 criterion n. 标准,准就,尺度Notes 1. It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. 这是一个强调句,强调时间；came to + 不定式,译为“最终 ”,“ 开头 ”；参考译文：直到最近,科学家才最终明白材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系；2. The notion of "property"deserves elaboration. deserve,应受,值得；elaboration,详尽阐述；参考译文：“property"一词的概念值得具体阐述；3. Many an applied scientist or engineer,.,will at one time or another be exposed to 名师归纳总结 a design problem involving materials.many a an,another+单数名词,很多的,多的,一个接第 3 页,共 38 页一个的,例如：many a person,很多人； be exposed to,暴露,面临,处于 境地；参考译文：- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 很多应用科学家或工程师, ,在某个时候都将面临着涉及材料的设计问题；4.On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. 这是一个倒装强调句,其原句为：A material possesses the maximum or ideal combination of properties on only rare occasion. 句中的 possess 是“具有 ”的意思；Exercises 1.Question for discussion 1 What is materials science. What is materials engineering. 2 Why do we study materials science and engineering. 3 Give the important properties of solid materials.2.Translate the following into Chinese materials science Stone Age Bronze age naked eye optical property integrated circuit mechanical strength thermal conductivity . Materials science is an interdisciplinary study that combines chemistry, physics, metallurgy, engineering and very recently life sciences. One aspect of materials science involves studying and designing materials to make them useful and reliable in the service of human kind. . Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. . In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, namely "processing" and "performance". . The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria. 3.Translate the following into English 交叉学科 介电常数固体材料 热容力学性质 电磁辐射材料加工 弹性系数（模数）Unit 2 Classification of Materials Basic Classifications and Engineering Materials metals, Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: ceramics and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials-composites, semiconductor, and biomaterials. Composites consist of combinations of two or more different materials, whereas semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics; biomaterials are implanted into the human body. A brief explanation of the material types and representative characteristics is offered next. 名师归纳总结 Metals: Metallic materials are normally combinations of metallic elements, they have 第 4 页,共 38 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat, and are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance. Furthermore, metals are quite strong, yet deformable, which accounts for their extensive use in structural applications. Ceramics: Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements: they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. The wide range of materials that falls within this classification includes ceramics that are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass. These materials are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers. With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramics are hard but very brittle. Polymers: Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements; furthermore, they have very large molecular structures. These materials typically have low densities and may be extremely flexible. Composites: A number of composite materials have been engineered that consist of more than one material type. Fiberglass is a familiar example, in which glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material. A composite is designed to display a combination of the best characteristics of each of the component materials. Fiberglass acquires strength from the glass and flexibility from the polymer. Many of the recent material developments have involved composite materials. Semiconductors: Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators