英语名词知识点总结.docx
英语名词知识点总结超越外语高考温习语法知识汇总材料第一章名词名词的数一、可数名词和不可数名词的区别1.定义:可数名词:普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词能够用数目来计算,有单复数之分不可数名词:没有单复数之分,物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词2.可数名词和不可数名词的主要区别:1)可数名词能够被a/an修饰,且有复数形式,而不可数名词不能够被a/an修饰,且没有复数形式2)有些限定词只能修饰可数名词,某些则只能修饰不可数名词,而某些则既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名词只能修饰可数名词的有:few,many=anumberof,agreat/goodmany,agreatmanyof等只能修饰不可数名词的有:much,little,alargeamountof,agreatdealof即可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有:some,any,plentyof,alotof,alargequantityof只能修饰可数名词单数的有:manya,morethanone3)有些不可数名词有相应的名词表其个体:Bread-aloaf,work-ajob,clothing-agarment,poetry-apoem,traffic-avehicle,jewellery-ajewel4)有些不可数名词加s,含义发生变化。如:Time时间-times时代;paper纸-papers文件,报纸,论文,卷纸;manner方式-manners礼貌,water水-waters水域二、可数名词复数的构成规则如下:1.大部分名词构成复数时,在词尾加s,如:Cupcups,truck-trucks2.以因素szt?d?,结尾的名词构成复数时,在词尾加-es,如,Bus-buses,box-boxes,bridgebridges,watch-watches3.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:City-cities,party-parties,body-bodies4.以元音字母加y结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:Boy-boys,play-plays,day-days,key-keys5.以辅音字母加o结尾的名词构成复数时,通常在词尾加es,也有特殊情况,如:1)Hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,negro-negroes,mango-mangoes,buffalo-buffaloes,echo(回声)-echoes,tornado(龙卷风)-tornadoes,torpedo(鱼雷)-torpedoes,domino(多米诺骨牌)-dominoes,veto(否决,否决权)-vetoes,mosquito(蚊子)-mosquitoes2)一些外来词,十分是音乐方面的词,在词尾加s,如:Piano-pianos,solo(独唱,独奏)-solos,concerto(协奏曲)-concertos,tobacco-tobaccos,motto(座右铭)-mottos,cello(大提琴)-cellos3)一些缩写词和专有名词,在词尾加s,如:Kilo(kilogram)-kilos,photo(photograph)-photos,memo(memorandum)-memos6.以元音字母加o的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:Video-videos,radio-radios,studio-studios,folio(对开纸)-folios,oratorio(清唱剧)-oratorios,embryo(胚胎)-embryos,zoo-zoos,bamboo(竹子)-bamboos,kangaroo-kangaroos,taboo(戒律)-taboos注:有些以O结尾的单词,即可加s可以加es,如:volcano7.一些以f,fe结尾的名词构成复数时,把f,fe变成v,再加es,如:Half-halves,leaf-leaves,knife-knives,thief-thieves,self-selves,life-lives,wife-wives,shelf-shelves,loaf-loaves,wolf-wolves口诀:为了本人活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成了两半8.一些以f,fe结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:Gulf(鸿沟)-gulfs,serf(农奴)-serfs,belief-beliefs,chief(酋长)-chiefs,cliff(悬崖)-cliffs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs口诀:海湾农奴信酋长,悬崖证据上房顶注:以上两种情况均可的Wharf(码头),dwarf(侏儒),scarf(围巾),handkerchief(手绢),9.名词变复数不规则变化大体有下面变化1)单复数形不同,如Manmen,woman-women,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice,child-children,emphasis(强调)-emphases注:以man构成的合成词,是man变成men如:Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen,dustman-dustmen但German-Gemans,human-humans由于他们不是合成词2)单复数词形一样,如Deer,sheep,fish,works,(工厂)means(方式、途径),Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,bellows(风箱),series,crossroad,horsepower及由汉语拼音拼出的计量单位,如:yuan,li,jin,英语中原有的计量单位不在此列,如:dollar-dollars,pound-pounds,metre-metres除上述情况外,关于名词数的问题还应注意下面几个方面有些名词只要复数形式,一般不直接受数词或aan修饰,假如要表示数量用相应的起量词作用的名词。Clothes,glasses,trousers,compasses,scissors(剪刀)等Apairofglasses,twosuitsofclothes注意:此时谓语动词和前面的量词保持一致。如ApairofglassesisonthetableTwopairsofglassesareonthetable3)有些名词只要复数,没有单数Police,people,cattle4)有些集合名词即可做单数,指整体;又可作复数,指该集体的成员,指整体时,谓语用单数;指成员时,谓语用复数。常用的名词有:Family,class,group,team,party,public等。比拟下列句子Theteamismadeupof12membersTheteamarehavingabathnowMyfamilyisgoingtomovetoParisMyfamilyusuallywatchTVaftersupper5)合成名词的复数形式,通常将其中所包含的中心词变为复数,如passer-by变成passers-by,grown-up变成growns-up,fatherinlaw变成fathers-inlaw,boystudent-boystudents6)以s结尾的专用名词,如:theNewYorkTimes,theUnitedNations,theUnitedStates等,表示事物的整体,谓语用单数,但有些表示群岛,山脉的专有名词,谓语常用复数。如:TheUnitedStatesisahighlydevelopedcountryTheAlpsareinEurope7)字母、数字、引语或缩略词语的复数形式是在其后加,s或s,如Therearetwof,sinthewordofficeManyVIPsarecomingtoourcity8)名词作定语,通常用单数形式,即便在意义上是复数的如shoes或总用作复数的名词如trousers也是如此如:TherearetwentyboystudentsinourclassTheyarehisgirlfriendsTrouserpockets注意:a)当sports,customs,arms,clothes,sales和accounts做定语时,不能变成单数修饰名词,如Asportscar一辆赛车,acustomsofficer一个海关官员,armsproduction武器的生产,aclothesshop一家服装店,asalesgirl一个女售货员,anaccountsdepartment一个会计部门b)但当man,woman作定语时,假如被修饰的名词是复数,man和woman也要变成复数。如:Awomandoctor,twowomendoctors;amanteacher,twomenteachers三、不可数名词的数不可数名词一般情况下没有复数变化。物质名词需要计数时,通常用起量词作用的名词词组来表示,如Apieceofadvice/work/news/meat/coal/musicAcupoftea/coffee/water/,twobottlesofmilk,abagofriceAsetoffurniture,twodropsofwater注意:1.有些不可数名词是以s结尾,不要误以为是可数名词,如News,maths,physics,politics等,它们如作主语,谓语用单数2.在有些情况下,名词作定语,和of作定语,含义不同,如Acupofcoffee一杯咖啡,acoffeecup咖啡杯名词的格当代英语名词有两个格,通格和所有格。当名词在句中做主语,宾语或补语时,名词无词性变化,称之为通格,当一个名词去修饰句中另一个名词时,有时用通格,有时用,s属格,或of属格1.所有格的构成在名词后加,s,如Mary?sbooks,theboy?sgirlfriend1)假如名词以s结尾,变复数时再词尾的s右上方加?Thestudents?desks,thesegirls?mother2)假如名词复数是不规则名词,所有格的构成是加,s,如TheChildren?sPalace,women?sclothes3)当and连接两个或几个并列名词时,假如所有格后的名词为两人或几人共同所有,只将最后一个名词变成所有格,如:TomandMary?sbooks;Jeanandmysister?sbooks4)假如所有格后的名词为两个或几个分别所有,则在每个名词后都加,s,如:Tom?sandMary?smother;John?sandJean?sphotos5)表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等所有格后的名词可省略,尤其当后面的名词是表示处所的名词Atthedoctor?s,atthetailor?s,attheteacher?s,atthebarber?s2.,s属格与of属格的通用和区别1)一般来讲,,s属格多用于有生命的名词,而of属格则主要用于无生命的名词但在当代英语中,这一界线已被打破,如:Newton?slaws,可以以讲成thelawsofNewton;therulesofthegame,可以以讲成thegame?srules注:a)有生命的名词可以用of所有格形式,如:aphotoofthebabyb)但当?s属格表示“类别属性,不可用Of属格,如:Adoctor?sdegree博士学位,ateacher?sbook老师用书2)假如,s属格表示的是详细名词“个别的属性,可用of属格,如:Thedoctor?sarrival=thearrivalofthedoctor注:adoctor?sdegree,ateacher?sbook表示的是“泛指类别,没有详细指哪个人,而thedoctor,sarrival表示的是“详细的特征,译成“那位医生的到来,能够换成thearrivalofthedoctor3)名词通格作定语和,s属格作定语的差异。名词通格作定语表示泛指的类别,,s属格作定语表示详细的特指。如:Carenginesaremadeinthisfactory(轿车发动机,不是其他类别的发动机)Thatcar?sengineneedsrepairing(那台轿车的发动机,详细特指)Theyarehavingafternoontea(他们在喝午茶)Yesterday?safternoonteahasgonebad(昨天的午茶坏了)4)表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,可以以在词尾加,s或?构成所有格如:用于时间anhour?sride用于度量thirteentons?weight用于价值ahundredyuan?sorder用于天体theearth?ssatellite用于国家Belgium?scapital用于城市Changchun?sagriculture注:当today,yesterday,tomorrow分别表示“如今,过去,将来时,只能用of属格,如:地点加,s作定语,表示的关系是“所属和范围,相应形容词作定语,讲明的是属性和性质。如:China?sresources(资源世界各国都有,China?sresources指在中国范围内,属于中国的资源)China?sagriculture,China?sindustry,Beijing?sstreetsChinesehistory(世界各国都有本国的历史,China?sresources是阐述中国的历史,讲明历史的属性)China?sfood,Chinesefood二、双重所属格1.构成A/two/this/that/these/those+名词+of+所有格/名词性物主代词。如:ThatinventionofhiswillgreatlybenefitthewholeworldIdon?tlikethatdaughterofyours.Heisafriendofmyfather?s.2.双重所有格与所有格的区别Heismyfather?sfriend.他是我父亲的朋友讲明一件事实Heisafriendofmyfather?s.他是我父亲的一个朋友强调数量,相当于Heisoneofmyfather?sfriendsHisinventionwillgreatlybenefitthewholeworld讲明事实Thatinventionofhiswillgreatlybenefitthewholeworld。带有赞扬的感情色彩注:有些名词,在of后面有所属格和普通格,含义不同。常用的这类名词有opinion意见/portrait/picture/photo/criticism批评。比拟:Anopinionoftheteacher对老师的意见Anopinionoftheteacher?s老师的意见Aportraitofmyfather,我父亲的肖像Aportraitofmyfather?s我父亲珍藏的肖像Aphotoofhim一张他的照片Aphotoofhis他所拥有的一张照片Acriticismoftheheadmaster对校长的批评Acriticismoftheheadmaster?s校长的批评单项选择3.Itisknowntoallthatananthas_.()A.astomachB.twostomachC.twostomachesDtwostomachs4._likeeating_.()A.Heroes,potatosB.Negroes,potatoesC.Heros,potatosD.Negros,potatoes5.Thehousewivescookedtwo_andsheaskedustohelpourselvestosome_.()A.chicken,chickensB.chickens,chickensC.chickens,chickenD.chicken,chicken6.Isaw_lyingontheground.()A.aten-poundnoteB.aten-poundsnoteC.ten-poundnoteD.ten-poundsnotes7.These_areplayingwiththese_.()A.babys,monkeysB.babies,monkeisC.babies,monkeysD.babys,monkies8.Longlivethefriendshipbetween_ofChinaandJapan!()A.twopeopleB.thetwopeopleC.thetwopeoplesD.twopeoples9.Wehadmany_takenontheGreatWall.()超越外语高考温习语法知识汇总材料A.photosB.aphotoC.photoD.piecesofphotos10.Some_layeggsinthewater,othersproducelivingyoung.()A.fishB.fishesC.fishsD.kindoffish11.Mr.Smithgoestochurchon_.()A.aSundayB.SundaysC.theSundayD.theSundays12.I?llgiveyou_tofinishthework.()A.twoweekstimeB.twoweek?stimeC.atwo-weektimeD.twoweeks?time13.Wemustfind_toreachhimA.wayB.ameansC.ameanD.meaning14.Fatherbought_forustheotherdayA.toothbrushB.teeth-brushesC.tooth-brushesD.teethbrush15.Let?schange_A.seatB.aseatC.seatsD.theseat16.Wecanmeetat_A.Mr.BrownB.Mr.Brown?sC.Mr.Browns?D.Mr.Browns17.Isn?titgettingdarkearly?-Ithinkso.Isee_arealreadyon.A.thelightsofthestreetB.thestreetlightsC.thestreet?slightsD.thelightstreet18.Thereare_inthisclassA.fourMarysB.thefourMarysC.fourMarriesD.thefourMarries19.Heshottwowild_andcaughtfive_A.sheep,fishesB.sheeps,fishC.sheeps,fishesD.sheep,fish20._willbesenttoworkinourhospitalA.AmandoctorandtwowomandoctorsB.AmendoctorandtwowomendoctorsC.AmandoctorandtwowomendoctorsD,Amandoctorandtwowomandoctors21.Theheavyfloodcausedten_A.deadB.deathC.deathsD.die22.Yesterdayafternoon,Iandmymotherwenttoseveral_shopsA.flowerB.flowersC.flower?sD.flowers?