英语入门基础语法知识学习(附基础知识词汇资料).doc

.-词汇及语法知识汇总1.be动词顺口溜:(我I)用am,(你you)用are,is跟着(他he),(她she),(它it),is跟着单数走,复数永远连着are2.一般疑问句:1)由be动词(am/is/are)开头的问句:Is he a pupil?Are you a teacher?2)助动词do/does开头的问句3)情态动词can开头的问句4)动词have/has开头的问句3. 规则名词单数变复数：1)一般情况下，在名词后加-s; 2)词尾是s,x,ch,sh结尾的词，在词尾后加-es;3)“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，变y为i，再加-es;以y结尾的专有名词或“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接加-s;4)以“元音字母+o”结尾的词，在词尾加-s;“辅音字母+o”结尾的词，在词尾加-es;5)以-f/fe结尾的词，变复数，将-f/fe改为v加es; 顺口溜:妻子(wife)持刀(knife)去宰狼(wolf)，小偷(thief)吓得发了慌；躲在架(shelf)后保己(self)命(life)，半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光。 注：roof-roofs写出下列名词的单（复）数形式：boy_butterfly_month_watch_photo_tomato_foot_child_man_sheep_teeth_women_fish_mice_potatoes_radios_knives_babies_boxes_toys_family_book_horse_glass_tooth_Chinese_knife_bus_box_desk_baby_men_bed_deer_fish_ox_texts_leaf_factory_thief_mouse_deer_German_Englishman_Japanese_apple_toy_chair_student_woman_film_bird_bus_map_hero_dish_class_radio_church_party_4.一般疑问句的否定结构:把not放在一般疑问句的主语之后,即构成一般疑问句的否定结构.eg.Is she not a student?eg.Have you not any sisters?eg.Can she not do it?5.陈述句转疑问句及回答:This is a watch.-Is this a watch?Yes,it is(不许缩写).No,it isnt(必须缩写).6.陈述句变否定句:This is a watch.This is not(isnt) a watch.7.主要字母组合的发音字母组合发音例词ara:car,bar,far,staral:smallayeiplayeai：tea,beat,read,eateibreak,greatebreadeei：bee,see,Lee,jeepeieieightooucook,foot,look,classroomu：boot,food,gooes,roomoaucoat,boat,goatoiioilir:birdoor:dooroyiboyowauhow uKnowouauhouseor:work,world,worsedoctor,visitor,tractor:morningersister,brother,mother,father:her,termir:bird,shirt,third,girleeribeer,deer,cheerur:turneiretheirerethere,whereearihear,fearpear,bear,wearairchair,hairth three,thirty,thin,thousandthis,those,these,theyckkchick,click,cock,clockshShoe,shame,she,shakechtteach,chick,China,choosekChemistry,Christmas,schoolngsingphfelephant8.几个发音特殊的辅音字母A.字母c在a,l,o,r,u等前读k,如comek m,coatk ut 等.字母c在e,I,y前读s,如pencilpensl等B.字母g一般读g,如gogu,legleg等，字母g和e(即ge)在词尾读d,如orangerind等C.双写辅音字母虽然是两个相同的辅音字母写在一起，但只读一个音,如apple pleggeg等。9.名词所有/属格:英语的名词有三种格：即主格、宾格和所有格。名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词的所有格，意为”的”。所有格有两种形式：一种是在名词后面加s，多用来修饰有生命的东西，eg.Kates dress；另一种是在介词of 后面加名词，多用来修饰没有生命的东西，eg.:the window of the room1）s格：如果名词代表的事物是有生命的，那么它的所有格形式就是在这个名词后面加+s，变化规则如下：2）、单数名词词尾+s，复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s，eg.：the boys bag这个男孩的书包 eg.mens room男厕所eg.Toms watch eg.a weeks holiday eg.the childrens bedroom3）、词尾不是s的复数名词，+s若名词已有复数词尾s,只加，eg.：the students books学生们的书eg.the teachers office 4）、在表示店铺、教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它修饰的名词，eg.Lets go to Toms让我们去汤姆家eg.the barbers 理发店eg.the Whites怀特家5）、两个或两个以上的人分别拥有某物时，要在每个人的名字后面加s(分别有)；两个或两个以上的人共同拥有某物时，只在最后一个人的名字后面加s（共有）eg.：Johns and Marys room约翰和玛丽各自的房间（两间）eg.Jonh and Marys room约翰和玛丽共用的房间（一间）6）s所有格所修饰的名词，如果前面已经出现过，再次提到可以省略。eg.：This is Lucys room and that is Lilys(room).10、of格：表示无生命的东西的所有格时，不能加s，可以用“名词+of+名词“的结构来表示所有关系，此时，英文的顺序与中文是倒过来的，eg.：the door of the room房间的门 eg.the colour of the book书的颜色eg.the playground of the school这所学校的操场（指点迷津1：在表示“某人的照片”时，of后面要接有生命的事物。eg.:a photo of an old woman一张老太太的照片）(指点迷津2：两个名词连用时，前面一个名词通常要变成所有格即加s来限定后面的名词，而不能直接用一个名词修饰另一个名词。)11(1)人称代词的形式：人称代词根据用法不同而有人称、数与格的变化。人称代词第一人称第二人称第三人称复数单数复数单数单数复数男性女性无性主格I我we我们you你们you你he他she她it它they他们宾格me我us我们you你们you你him他her她的it它them他们所有格my我的our我们的your你们的your你的his他的her她的its它的their他们的(2)人称代词的排列顺序：a.单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：第二人称-第三人称-第一人称 you-he/she/it-Ib.复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称-第二人称-第三人称 we-you- they12.对划线部分提问的程序一代（用疑问词代替划线部分），二移（把疑问词移至句首）三倒（颠倒主谓语，但对主语或其定语提问时除外）四抄（照抄其它部分）13.be 的用法口诀我用am，你用are，is连着他，她，它；单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。变否定，更容易，be后not莫忘记。疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。14.基数词变序数词歌基变序，有规律词尾加上-th(fourth,sixth)一、二、三，特殊例，结尾字母t,d,d(first,second,third)八去t,九去e,(eighth,ninth)ve要用 f替;(fifth,twelfth)ty将y改成i,th前面有个e。若是碰到几十几，前用基来后用序。15.规则动词加Ed的读音清读t，浊元dt、d后面读id16.before和ago巧记before带在点之前，ago总在段之后。before时态不确定，过去时中用ago。17.be在现在时中与人称的搭配我是am，你是are,is跟随着他，她，它。复数后面用什么，统统都是一个are。肯定句变疑问句口诀“是，情，助”，移向前，主语其后把身安，一般，现在，与过去，do,does,did添在前，再改谓语为原形。最后要把问号点。18.要求跟不定式的动词“要想干，同意办，愿意不愿意，决定尽量干。”A要求，想要，希望(want,wish,hope,expect,intend,mean)B同意(agree,promise)C意愿(care,hate,refuse)D决定，企图(determine,decide,offer,attempt,try,manage)19.常见不规则动词三种形式变化归类come came comebecome became becomesteal stole stolenspeak spoke spokenbreak broke brokendrive drove drivenwrite wrote writtengive gave givenswim swam swumspring sprang sprungrun ran runbegin began begundrink drank drunkblow blew blowngrow grew grownknow knew knownthrow threw thrownshow showed showndraw drew drawnbring brought boughtfight fought foughtthink thought thoughtbuy bought boughtcatch caught caughtkeep kept keptsweep swept sweptleave left leftfeel felt felttear tore tornwear wore wornpay paid paidsay said saidbuild built builtsend sent sentlend leant leantdig dug dugwin won wonsell sold soldtell told toldsit sat sathear heard heardmake made madelose lost loststand stood stoodfind found foundget got gothold held heldfeed fed fedmeet met metlead led ledbeat beat beatendo did donesee saw seentake took takenshut shut shutcost cost costhit hit hitset set setput put putlet let letcut cut cut20.疑问代词：疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的代词，主要用于询问“何人”、“何物”、“何时”等。疑问代词有who(谁，主格)、whom（谁，宾格）、whose（谁的）、what（什么）,which（哪一个）等,也叫wh-词。（wh-/how开头均为特殊疑问句）疑问代词who谁（主格）whom谁（宾格）whose谁的which哪一个what什么替代范围人人、事、物事、物 (2)疑问代词与所问内容之间的关系如下：a.对什么东西提问/对名字提问/对职业提问/对什么事情提问用whateg.Whats this?这是什么？eg.Whats your name?你叫什么名字？eg.What job do you do?你是做什么工作的？eg.Whats wrong with you?你怎么了？b.对颜色提问用what colour用eg.What colour is you dress?c.对几时几分提问用what timeeg.What time is it now?d.对某班、某年级、某学校、某组提问用what class(grade,school,row)eg.What class/grade/school/row are you in?e.对星期几提问用what dayeg.What day is it today?f.对时间提问用wheneg.When will you go to Shenyang?g.对“某人”提问用who（谁，主格，只能用于对人的提问）eg.Who is that girl?h.对“某人的”(谁的，即询问所有关系)提问用whoseeg.Whose bag is it?i.对地点提问用whereeg.Where are you going?j.对身体状况/交通方式/天气情况/对人的感受/对工作方式提问用how;eg.How are you?eg.How do you go to school?eg.How is the weather?eg.How does she feel?k.对年龄提问用how oldeg.How old are you?l.对数量提问可数用how many，对不可数/价格提问用how mucheg.How many books?Eg.How much sheep?m.对频率提问用how ofteneg,How often do you go home?n.对哪一个提问用whicheg.Which class are you in?o.对原因提问用whyeg.Why way did they go?p.whom(谁)，whom是who的宾格eg.Who(m)did you see in the street?（作动词宾语）eg.Who(m) are you talking about?(作介词宾语)一般现在时态一般现在时。表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作（有时间规律发生的事件）的一种时间状态。基本结构肯定式疑问式否定式否定疑问式I work.Do I work?I do not work.Do I not work?You work.Do you work?You do not work.Do you not work?We work.Do we work?We do not work.Do we not work?They work.Do they work?They do not work.Do they not work?He(She,It) works.Does he(she,it) work?He(She,It) does not work.Does he(she,it) not work?口诀当主语是第三人称单数时 一般现在时 肯定句 主语+动词单三+其他否定句 主语+doesnt+动词原形+其他 一般疑问句 Does+主语+动词原形+其他 肯定回答 Yes，主语+does 否定回答 No，主语+doesnt 特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 当主语不是第三人称单数时 肯定句 主语+动词原形+其他 否定句 主语+dont+动词原形+其他 一般疑问句 Do+主语+动词原形+其他 用错结构全句都错，一定要注意。一般现在时动词变化规则：（1）1.以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变单三人称形式才能把y换成i再加es；2.与名词变复数不同，变单三人称形式以o,s,x,ch,sh结尾加es3.一般的动词加s（2）单三人称做主语的一般现在时做句式变化时，可记住如下口诀：“见助动，用原形”。（3）do是一个比较难理解的词，它有三个含义: a)是所有行为动词的总称；b)是助动词，无实义；c)是一个具体的行为动词“做，干”。此句中给出的do指“做，干”，not指把此句变为否定句，故须在do前加助动词dont。(4)一般现在时态的标志:always(总是,一直) never(从来不) usually(通常) sometimes(有时候) often(经常) every(每) seldom(很少/不常) every morning/night/evening/day/week(每/天早上/晚上/晚上/天/周) 一般现在时练习题一、 写出下列动词的第三人称单数talk_forget_hope_stop_perform_play_say_buy_worry_like_make_take_do_go_reach_love_become_come_drive_shine_leave_wake_ride_write_hike_give_see_swim_stop_plan_get_sit_cut_run_forget_begin_wash_watch_finish_teach_fish_二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。1. He often _(have) dinner at home.2. Daniel and Tommy _(be) in Class One.3. We _(not watch) TV on Monday.4. Nick _(not go) to the zoo on Sunday.5. _ they _(like) the World Cup?6. What _they often _(do) on Saturdays?7. _ your parents _(read) newspapers every day?8. The girl _(teach) us English on Sundays.9. She and I _(take) a walk together every evening.10. There _(be) some water in the bottle.11. Mike _(like) cooking.12. They _(have) the same hobby.13. My aunt _(look) after her baby carefully.14. You always _(do) your homework well.15. I _(be) ill. Im staying in bed.16. She _(go) to school from Monday to Friday.17. Liu Tao _(do) not like PE.18. The child often _(watch) TV in the evening.19. Su Hai and Su Yang _(have) eight lessons this term.20. What day _(be) it today? Its Saturday.21 We often _ (play) in the playground.22. He _ (get) up at six oclock.23. _ you _ (brush) your teeth every morning?24. What _(do) he usually _ (do) after school?25. Danny _ (study) English, Chinese, math, science and art at school.26. Mike sometimes _ (go) to the park with his sister.27. At eight at night, she _ (watch) TV with her parents.28. _ Mike _ (read) English every day?29. How many lessons _ your classmate _ (have) on Monday?30.What time _ his mother _ (do) the housework?三、按照要求改写句子1. Daniel watches TV every evening.(改为否定句)2. I do my homework every day.(改为一般疑问句，并作否定回答)3. She likes milk.(改为一般疑问句，并作肯定回答)4. Amy likes playing computer games.(改为一般疑问句，并作否定回答)5. We go to school every morning.(改为否定句)6. He speaks English very well.(改为否定句)7. I like taking photos in the park.(对划线部分提问)8. John comes from Canada.(对划线部分提问)9. She is always a good student.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答)10. Simon and Daniel like going skating.(改为否定句)11. Do you often play football after school? (肯定回答) 12. I have many books. （改为否定句）13. Gao Shans sister likes playing table tennis.（改为否定句）14. She lives in a small town near New York.（改为一般疑问句）15. I watch TV every day. （改为一般疑问句）16. David has got a goal. （改为一般疑问句）17. We have four lessons.（改为否定句）18. Nancy doesnt run fast. （改为肯定句）19. My dog runs fast. 否定句：一般疑问句： 20. Mike has two letters for him.一般疑问句： 否定句：21. I usually play football on Friday afternoon.否定句: 一般疑问句: 划线提问22. Sun Yang usually washes some clothes on Saturday.否定句: 一般疑问句:划线提问: 23. Mingming usually waters the flowers every day.否定句:一般疑问句: 划线提问 24. Tom does his homework at home.否定句:一般疑问句: 划线提问四、改错(划出错误的地方，将正确的写在横线上)1. Is your brother speak English?2. Does he likes going fishing?3. He likes play games after class.4. Mr. Wu teachs us English.5. She dont do her homework on Sundays.现在进行时态一、概念:现在进行时表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作,也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作 结构：助动词 be ( am / is / are ) +现在分词.二、 现在分词的构成：1.大多数动词后可在动词后直接加-ing Eg:carry-carrying,catch-catching,drink-drinking,enjoy-enjoying;hurry-hurrying ,do-doing , read-reading , think-thinking2. 如果动词以-e结尾,则去掉-e,再加-ing,如come-coming , have-having , make-making,ride-riding,write-writing,take-taking,use-using3. 如果动词只有一个元音字母,而其后跟有一个辅音字母时,将此辅音字母双写,再加-ing,如： hit-hitting,let-letting, put-putting,run-running,sit-sitting4. 如果动词有两个音节,且重音在第二个音节上,则末尾的辅音字母须双写,再加-ing,如: forget-forgetting,prefer-preferring,upset-upsetting试比较 benefit/benfiting, differ/differing,profit/profiting,这些词的重音在第一个音节上,因此其末尾的辅音字母不双写5. 以 -ic 结尾的动词,应先把 -ic 变为-ick,再加 -ing,eg: panic/panicking, picnic/ picnicking,但 lie/lying ,die/dying,tie/tying是特殊变化要记住三、句型结构：1.现在进行时的肯定形式、否定形式、疑问形式及其回答,所有变化都体现在助动词 be ( is / am / are ) 上1)现在进行时的肯定形式：主语+be(am/ is/are)+doing+其他成分I am singing . They are writing .2)现在进行时的否定形式:主语+be(am/ is/are)+not +doing+其他成分I am not singing . They arent writing .3）一般疑问句及回答：be(am/ is/are)+ 主语+doing+其他成分Am I singing ? Yes ,you are . / No ,you arent .Are they writing ? Yes ,they are . / No ,they arent .4)特殊疑问句及回答:特殊疑问词+be(am/ is/are)+主语+doing+其他成分What are you doing ? We are playing (要求就提问内容具体回答).2. 缩写形式如下:I am-Im You are-Youre He is-Hes She is-Shes It is-Its We are-Were They are-Theyre四.现在进行时态的标志:look,listen,now(可判断是现在进行时态)现在进行时练习题一、写出下例动词的现在分词形式 1）give_2）use_3）move_4）skate_5）draw_6）tell_7）ring_8）wear_9）get_10）put_11）hit_二、用现在进行时连写句子 1）Li Ping;learn;to;speak;English; 2）it;rain;now 3）they;watch;a football match;on TV 4）he;look;out of the window; 5）look;the dog;sleep; 6）listen;the baby;cry;7）they;have a meeting;at seven oclock8）the students;prepare for;an English test;now; 三、将下例句子改成一般疑问句 1）Mike is climbing the hill。 2）We are having an English lesson now。 3）Li Ping is jumping like a monkey。 4）The students are reading the text now。 5）I am studying English。 6）He is closing the window。 四、对划线部分提问 1）The baby is listening to the music。2）I am looking for a jacket for my son。 3）She is smiling to herself in the mirror。4）The boys are visiting the history museum。 5）The old man is sleeping right now。 6）The children are listening to the teacher of English。 7）The cats are running up the trees。 五、将下例句子改成否定句 1）The woman is making a cake in the kitchen。 2）We are having lunch now。 3）The boy is waiting for his mothe under the big tree。4）You are playing the violin。5）Mary is doing her best to study English well。 6）The students are doing their homework now。7）