高级中学英语语法归纳分析情况总结.doc

-! 高中英语语法总结 第一章 主谓一致 (一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项:1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(像), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质.No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如: The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物)用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如:Serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.When well go out for an outing has been decided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。6. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如:Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球.More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如:None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如:His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如:A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈> 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。(二) 内容一致原则: 1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车， 今天出售。60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。3. 加减乘除用单数.如:Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去5等于10。4. 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如:Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如: The British police have only very limited powers.(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他。6. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如:The injured were saved after the fire.(三) 就近原则1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？2. 用连词or, either. or, neither.nor, not only.but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。 如：Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事.He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如：Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。 第二章：非谓语动词不定式（infinitive）、分词（participle）、动名词（gerund）是非谓语动词，在句子中不能作谓语。以下表格列出了他们各自在句中的作用。（表示可以在句中担任的语法成分，则表示不可以。）作用种类主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式动名词分 词非谓语动词在句中的特点、性质、用法、区别及使用注意事项分述如下：第一节、非谓语动词作主语可作主语的非谓语形式为：不定式和动名词。其表达形式为：不定式：主动态 to do; 被动态 to be done; 动名词：主动态 doing; 被动态 being done。 例1：To act like that is foolish. 例2：It is impossible for me to buy the car with cash. 要我用现金买那辆车是不可能的。 例3：Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 例4： What made you so late for work today ? Driving to the office was very slow this morning because of heavy traffic.因为交通拥挤，今早开车上班非常慢。 一般说来，动名词和不定式作主语，可以互换，其意义没有多大差别，但须注意以下两点：1表示具体的，尤其是未发生的动作，倾向用不定式（如例2）。 表示无时限的泛指动作（如例3）或描述当时的情况（如例4），倾向用动名词。2在下列句型用动名词作主语 It is no good doing.（没有用） There is no doing. （不可能） It is no good arguing with him. 和他争论没有用。 There is no knowing what may happen. = It is impossible to know what may happen.练习 1（改错）As is known, learn a foreign language well requires great efforts.2（改错）Though flying balloons are easy, balloonists must watch the weather carefully.3（选择）_ to sunlight for too much will do harm to ones skin. A. Exposed to B. Exposing C. Having exposed D. Being exposed答案1learn learning 原形动词不能作主语。 2are is 单个动名词作主语，谓语用单数。 3.答案D。句义：遭太阳暴晒对皮肤有害。本题考查动名词作主语。分析句子结构可知，待选项在句中作主语，又因为人与expose为被动关系，所以选D。第二节、非谓语动词作表语可作表语的非谓语动词为：不定式，动名词。 1Your task this morning is to deliver the mail to Professor Smith. 你今天上午的任务是把这个邮件送给史密斯教授。（不定式解释主语内容）2My hobby is collecting stamps. （动名词解释主语内容）练习1. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _it more difficult.（99全国）A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make2.分析句子是否正确: What we do is prepare our students to face fierce competitions when they enter society.答案1、B。is后有两个表语，两者必须在结构上对称。第一个表语为不定式to make life easier，则第二个表语也应该为不定式，所以选B。 2、正确。当主语部分有实义动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略to; 若没有实义动词do,表语中to不能省略。第三节、非谓语动词作宾语 可作宾语的非谓语动词为：不定式和动名词。 1不定式作宾语 例1He demanded to know the truth. 例2The car failed to stop at the red light. 那辆轿车看到红灯没有停。英语中有相当数量的动词，只能以不定式作宾语。如： agree（同意），decide, refuse, pretend（假装），manage（设法），promise, seem, happen, hope, wish, offer to do（表示愿望）afford to do（买得起，承担得起），bother todo（特意），choose to do（愿意或决定） attempt / seek to do（试图） learn to do（学习或学会）短语would like（love）to do，would prefer to do（更愿意），be about to do（即将）, 介词 but / except to do 例1）I have no choice but to give up the plan. 2）There was nothing we could do except wait.注：but / except前有实义动词do, 其后to必须省去请注意以下几点：1）疑问代词如what，which；疑问副词如when, whether（why除外）引导的不定式可作know, decide等的宾语，在意义上相当与一个未曾发生的宾语从句。例1We havent decided what steps to take next. We havent decided what steps we should take next.2I really dont know whether to write to her or give her a phone call. I really dont know whether I should write to her or give her a phone call. 这种结构也可以作主语和表语 例1What to do next remains to be discussed. 下一步该怎么办有待于讨论。 例2Our difficulty is where to get enough money.2）为了避免重复，不定式可省去与前边重复的动词原形，而保留“to”。 例： Would you like to go for a picnic with me ? Id love to, but I cant spare any time at present.（to后省略了go for a picnic with you）3）不定式的时态与语态：主 动 语 态被 动 语 态形 式时 间 概 念形 式时间概念to do (一般时)1）未发生2）和谓语动作同时to be done同 左to be doing (进行时)谓语动作发生时，正在进行to have done (完成时)发生在谓语动作之前to have been done同 左 不定式的进行时和完成时常用在下列句型中： seem / appear（似乎）to happen（碰巧）to pretend to be said（据说）to be reported（据报导）tobe thought / supposed / considered/ believed（据认为）to be known（知道）to 请注意：考查不定式的时态和语态，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考的重点和热点。I happened to be standing next to him when he fell down.The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylightyesterday. 据当地报纸指导，这家银行昨天在光天化日之下遭到抢劫。He is known to have been arrested by the police. 人们都知道他曾被警察逮捕过。 4）was / were to have done ；would like to have done wished（hoped / wanted / intended / meant）to have done 表示当时想做，而实际不能做到 I was to have picked you up at the airport, but I forgot about it. I intended to have helped you out but I had no money then. 我当时真想帮助摆脱困境，可是我那时身无分文。2动名词作动词或介词的宾语I cant imagine marrying a girl of that sort. 我很难想象与那种女子结婚后的情形。I narrowly missed being killed in the car accident. 在那次车祸中我死里逃生。He admitted having stolen my bicycle. 他承认偷了我的自行车。There is no point in arguing any further.再争议下去毫无意义。 1）下列动词必须带动名词结构作宾语： understand（理解），admit（承认），keep（on）（继续），practise（练习），finish（完成），imagine（想象），miss（错过，避免），avoid（避免），escape（逃避），suggest（建议），dislike（讨厌），enjoy（喜欢），delay（推迟），excuse（原谅），mind（介意），appreciate（感激），oppose（反对）。另外，有的词既可带动名词做宾语，亦可带不定式做宾语补足语，请区别清楚。如： allow doing（比较：allow sb. to do） advise doing（比较：advise sb. to do）2）下列短语必须带动名词结构作宾语： be worth（值得），pay attention to（注意），object to（反对），cant help（不自禁），devote oneself to（致力于），put off（推迟），be / get used to（习惯于），feel like（想要），look forward to（盼望），get down to（开始做，认真做某事），how / what about（怎么样），There is no point (in) doing sth (做某事毫无意义)3下列动词可以用不定式作宾语，也可以用动名词作宾语，但有明显的语义差别。 remember doing 回忆起过去做过的事 remember to do 记住要做的事 forget doing 忘记了曾做过的事 forget to do 忘记该做的事 regret doing 对已发生的事表示后悔 regret to do 对现在要发生的事表示抱歉 mean doing 意味着，意思是 mean to do 打算，想要 try doing 试一试某种方法 try to do 设法去做一件事 比较1I dont mean to give up the plan. 我不打算放弃这个计划。 A break down on our way would mean our walking for hours. 汽车半路抛锚意味着我们要步行几个小时。比较2I have always deeply regretted selling（having sold）the farm.我一直为卖掉这个农场而后悔不已。 We regret to tell you that you owe the bank &100. 我们很遗憾地告诉你，你欠银行100英镑。第四节、非谓语动词作状语 作状语的非谓语动词为：分词和不定式1现在分词和过去分词的区别1）现在分词表示主动，译为“令人”；过去分词表示被动，译为“感到这”是两者最重要的区别 The weather of this summer is disappointing. My parents will be disappointed with me if I fail the exam. 描述事物或事情的性质一般用现在分词。描述人的情感一般用过去分词。 I dont think it surprising for such a bad man to have been punished.（it指“象这样的坏人受到惩罚”这件事） There was a surprised expression in her eyes.她的眼里流露出惊讶的神情。（人的表情是情感的具体表现，故应用过去分词来修饰expression）2）现在分词通常表示动作正在进行；过去分词通常表示动作已完成。 Power stations employ falling water to produce electricity. The ground is covered with fallen leaves.2现在分词的时态与语态主 动 语 态被 动 语 态形 式时 间 概 念形 式时 间 概 念doing1）正在进行2）与谓语动作同时being done动作正在进行having done分词动作发生在谓语动作之前having been done同左3分词表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随或补充说明等 a）分词做时间、原因、条件、让步状语的表达形式如下：doing done having done S（主语）+ V having been done S（主语）+ V （主动关系） （被动关系）Not understanding its meaning, he asked the teacher to explain the word.（表原因：understanding与句子主语he之间是主动关系，同谓语动词asked同时发生）Having made a decision, they immediately set out to work.（表时间：make a decision与句子主语之间是主动关系且发生于谓语动词set out之前）Having been experimented many times, this new product will be put into mass production. 由于这一新产品已实验过多次，不久将投入批量生产。（表原因：experimented与主语product为被动关系，且先于谓语动词put之前发生）词作上述状语时，它的位置可置于主句之前，也可置于主语之后。例：They, having made a decision, set out to work.选择：The research is so designed that once_nothing can be done to change it.（02全国） A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun本题考查状语从句的省略，难度较大。若时间、原因、条件和让步状语从句的主语与主句主语相同，且从句部分有be时，可省略从句主语及be。省略后的形式如下：(1) when（while, until, once, as, if, though等）+ doing 从句谓语动词与主语为主动关系（2) when（while, until, once, as, if, though等）+ done从句谓语动词与主语为被动关系表示“某一事件的开始”，begin既可用主动态，也可以用被动态。状语从句表达形式：（1）Once it beings。这种形式，不具备省略条件。 （2）Once it is begun。具备省略条件（有be）。省略后的形式为：Once begun。所以本题选D。b）分词作伴随状语时, 其形式为：（1）doing（2）done。究竟用现在分词还是过去分词，取决于该动作与句子主语是主动还是被动关系“We cant going out in this weather,” said Bob, looking out of the window.（04重庆） The boy sat in the dark room, frightened and trembling. 男孩一个人做在黑洞洞的房间里，吓得浑身发抖。注意：作伴随状语的分词，与谓语动作同时。这是判断一个动词是否作伴随状语的主要尺度。请注意下列固定短语在作状语时的表达形式： Generally speaking 一般地说 Strictly speaking 从严格意义上说 Judging from / by 根据判断 Given / Allowing for 考虑到Given their inexperience, they have done a good job. 在缺少经验的情况下，他们的工作算是做得不错。4不定式用作表目的，结果，方式和形容词原因状语 1）目的 To win over the undecided voters, they are working twice as hard. 为了把尚未拿定主意的选民争取过来，他们正在加倍努力工作。 He got up early not to miss the first bus.（not to也可用so as not to或in order not to这一强调形式） 2）结果 不定式作结果状语，常见结构有： too adj / adv to do ; too adj + a + n to do so adj / adv as to do ; such + n as to do The boy is too young to dress himself. He was too shrewd（精明的）a businessman to accept our offer. 他是个非常精明的商人，不会接受我们的开价。 Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio ? 请把收音机开小一点。 He cant have done such a terrible thing as to keep you waiting so long. 他不可能做出这样糟糕的事，让你等这么长的时间。 注意：表示一种事先没有预料的结果，用不定式。不定式前可用only来加强意想不到的语气。如：(04福建卷)The news reporters hurried to the airport ,only to be told the film stars had left. 然而，要表示在事情发展过程中必然会产生的结果，就要用分词来表达。分词前可加thus, 加强必然的语气。The new machine will work twice as fast, thus greatly reducing costs. 新机器的运转速度提高一倍，因而大大降低了成本。 3）方式状语结构： S（人，物）be + adj to do特点（1）句子的主语在逻辑关系上为不定式动作的宾语（2）形容词为：easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, dangerous等。 1.Some books are interesting to read, but boring to learn. 有些书读起来很有趣，但学起来很讨厌。 2.The telephone number is easy to remember. 他的电话号码很难记。 3.That man is difficult to deal with. 那个人很难对付。 4.The river is dangerous to swim in. 注意：以上句子，尽管句子的主语和不定式动作为被动关系，但只能用主要形式；若不定式动词为不及物，应加上适当介词，如例4。 4）形容词原因状语。这类形容词通常是表示情感或评价行为表现的形容词。 I am shocked to hear the news of his sudden death.You were silly not to have locked your car. (04湖南)第五节、非谓语动词作宾语补足语作宾语补足语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词。英语中有相当一批动词必须以不定式作宾语补充语。My parents dont allow me to stay out late.She waited impatiently for him to make up his mind.这些动词和短语为： wish, want, ask, require / request（要求）；order, warn（警告） allow / permit, forbid（禁止）, expect, remind（提醒），encourage, inspire（激励）call on（号召，要求）， depend on, long for sb. to do（渴望）请特别记住下列动词的宾补形式，表达的意义及判断的依据。 1 make（使）+ O + C + do 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。 done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。 S + be made to do 主语与不定式动作为主动关系。 done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。注：句型“O”代表宾语，为名词或代词；“C”代表宾补。例：Those who wont work should be made to work. 那些不愿工作的人应强制他们去工作。 He couldnt make himself heard. 他无法让别人听到他说的话。2Keep（leave）+ O + C doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。（使处于某种状态） done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。 S + be + kept（left） doing 主语与分词动作为主动关系。 done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。 例：Now students are kept burying themselves in books all day. 现在的学生被迫整天埋头读书。 His work was left undone. 他丢下工作不去干。3 find（发现）+ O + C doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。 done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。 S + be +found doing 主语与分词动作为主动关系。 done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。 例：（03全国）A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen. 4 doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系 with + O + C done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系