（整理版高中英语）高二英语语法复习介词人教实验.doc

高二英语语法复习介词人教实验版【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容： 语法复习介词一介词的分类与语法功能 1介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at、in、for等；合成介词，如within、inside、onto、throughout等；短语介词，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after等。分词介词，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。 常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如：It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast.He quarrelled with her yesterday.He succeeded in passing the final exam.Im still thinking of how I can fulfill the task ahead of time.The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well. 2介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如：This machine is in good condition.(表语)Where is the key to my bike?(定语)Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)She always thinks herself above others.宾补二介词搭配1“动词+介词搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词和多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。 rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow“夺去、除去意义的动词与of 连用 supply us with food / fill the glass with wine“供应意义的动词与with连用 make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat“制作、制造意义与of、from、into连用 介词 + the + 部位与动词的关系=动词 + sb.s + 部位，可换用 strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸意义与on连用)catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯意义与by连用)hit the boy in the face“肚，胸，眼，脸等人体前部与in连用prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止，禁止意义与from连用)persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.“说服，建议意义与into连用buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失意义与for连用)tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知意义与to连用)give sth. to sb.give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予意义与to连用注意：可换成buy /tell / give sb.sth.双宾结构。say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象连用必须用to,不可说suggest sb.sth.)。同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。reply to the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和唱跳，amount to 到达，加起来有，devote to把奉献给，drink to为干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜，ask for 寻找，use for用作，leave for前往，take for误以为，call of倡导，wait for等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补损失，turn to求助救于，help oneself to随意，agree to同意，compare to把比作，send for派人去请拿，sail for驶向，航向，set out for动身去，go in for爱好。2常见“形容词 + 介词搭配。worthy of值得的，glad about sth. for sb.为某人某事快乐，far from离远，grateful for sth. to sb.为某事感谢某人，free from没有免除，proud of(take pride in)自豪，satisfied with (by)满意，sure of / about确信，fond of喜欢，fit for适合，busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙着干某事，full of充满，ready for准备，similar to相似，wrong with不对；有毛病3“名词 + 介词要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。三核心介词用法归纳与辨析1表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。还可以用时间名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意：at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night在夜间。in five daysweeks, months, years中in的意思是“在以后。in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动的动名词及短语时用in。如： 2在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。 3表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。at breakfast(supper, lunch),at sixat noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。如：next day、last Sunday、that morning、these yearsone、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day one day、yesterday afternoon4in、after、laterin + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在之内时，用于各种时态。一段时间 + later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。after + 一段时间表示：“在之后，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用after,即after + 点时间，用于各种时态。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外，in + 一段时间 + s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下：in a weeks time = in a weekThey will arrive in three days time.(与将来时连用)My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.作表语Ill finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than用于各种时态，不超出，在之内)5地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。at 在较小的场所，in在较大的场所，on在的平面上。如at the door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。on、to、in还可以表示两地相对位置。假设A地属于B地，用in；A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on；无边缘衔接用to。如：Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.范围之外Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻)The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)地点介词的引申、比喻意义：in the sun在阳光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the dark不知道，in freezing weather在严寒天气中，in the mud在泥中，in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind在雪/风中,in public 当众，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble陷入困境，out of trouble摆脱困难，beyond hope绝望。across在物体外表“穿过；through那么表示在三维空间内部“穿过。如：They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest.over / under / above / below。over、above译作“在之上；under、below译作“在的下面，其区别在于over、under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above、below那么表示一般的“高于或“低于，不一定是垂直“在上或“在下。如：A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线)The window is well above the tree.表示地点介词的静态性和动态性across the fields 跨过田野，over the desert跨越沙漠across the river横跨这条河，over the hill翻过这座山be in the house(静态，在这里)stay out of the car(静态，在外)go into the house(动态，进入)fly out of the country(动态，离开)6表示方式、手段、工具的介词by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按by+the+to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计。表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope交通工具类 另外：by means of 用方法，by way of 经由，取道于，用方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.s help (permis-sion)。表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具机器)One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官，但by hand“手工，用手)He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如：in high (good,low)spirits, in anger, in joy, in comfort, in sorrow, in safety, in danger, in need, in debt, in love, in fun, in pain, in tears, in surprise, in good(poor)health,in good order, in flower, in a way, in a low voice, in silence, in(with)satisfaction, in a hurry, in(with)words, live/feed on food, kneel on ones knee, take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)7表示“除之外的几组常用介词比拟。besides 除以外，还有。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况。We all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外，我们都去了电影院。It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.except除去，除之外不再有。We all went except John.我们都去了，约翰没有。在否认句中，两词可以换用，如：He has no other hats except / besides this one.except for除了对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except that + 句子意思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that 除了一点以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but与exceptbut和except在表示“除了以外时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.前有do,后省tobut与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不，but for 要不是8between与among.between通常指两者之间。也可以用于三者以上的两者之间。如：Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy.They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)A horse can be seen between trees now.among表示三者以上之间。如：The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.He was happy to be among friends again.We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)我们必须达成共识。London is among the largest cities.( = one of与最高级连用)9表原因的介词for、because of、due toHe didnt come to the meeting because of his illness.The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.He was praised for his bravery and courage.The accident is due to your careless driving.10不定式复合结构中的for、of。这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。It is clever of you to answer it like that.It is quite hard for me to explain why.注意：两句中的of和for的使用，表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of,如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等那么用for。11某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。要求接to的名词有：key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road等。要求接in 的名词有：interest、satisfaction、expert等。He is expert in teaching small children.【典型例题】 1. The home improvements have taken what little there is _my spare time.(NMET )A. from B. in C. of D. at解析：答案为C。此题考查句子结构中介词of的用法。what引导的从句作谓语have taken的宾语，而从句中的根本句型为“there is little of ，表示“有很少，what 修饰little提到了从句句首。注意正确把握句子结构和介词用法，要明白of my spare time和in my spare time的区别。 2. _ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(NMET )A. As B. For C. With D. Through解析：答案为C。此题考查with的复合结构作状语的用法。“with + 名词 + 不定式/分词/名词/形容词/介词短语等可在句中作伴随、时间、原因、条件等状语。此题中with的复合结构作伴随状语。 3. After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand _.A. on B. up C. above D. by解析：答案为A。不定式“to stand + 介词作定语修饰a tall box,其中被修饰词在逻辑意义上是不及物动词，只有加上吊尾介词，句子意思才完整。吊尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少，吊尾介词使用的场合有：1定语从句中，先行词被一个不及物动词所修饰，不及物动词后要接介词，先行词被“动词 + 介词组成的短语动词所修饰，介词常在句尾。He is the man I just spoke to.2what、whose、who、whatever等引导的宾语从句，宾语从句出现吊尾介词。I cant imagine what it is like.3强调句型，特殊疑问句中由于被强调局部和疑问词位置变更，常出现吊尾介词。It was the poor boy that we gave the books to.What for? Where to? Who with?4不及物动词的不定式修饰表“涉及对象、场合、工具、方式、材料等意义的名词时常带吊尾介词。a room to live in, a bench to sit onThere is nothing to worry about.She is a good girl to work with.5某些形容词后接不定式或“动词 + 介词型短语，动词的不定式形式表“反射，常用吊尾介词。fit、easy、hard、comfortable、difficult、heavy等形容词后。The river is good to swim in.The box is too heavy to carry.be worth doing sth.,be worthy of being done / to be done, want/ require / need doing【模拟试题】 1. Whats wrong _ your watch? 2. One _ the students is in the classroom. 3. I think the shop is closed _ this time of day. 4. My father teaches English _ a school. 5. We have lunch _ the middle of the day. 6. You can buy some school things _ your way home. 7. I was born _ July 1, 1982. 8. May I borrow a pencil _ you? 9. Dont sleep _ the open air. 10. I often help my mother _ _ the housework. 11. Its time _ school. 12. I have quite a lot _ homework to do. 13. Whats the time? Its half _ seven. 14. Ducks are good _ swimming. 15. What are you talking _ ? 16. He is sitting _ the front of the car. 17. The eraser was passed _ one student _ another. 18. Did you live _ Beijing in 1997? 19. When did you arrive _ the village? 20. I think Mary is _ duty today. 21. Eating too much isnt good _ your health. 22. Im afraid he is _ the cinema _ the moment. 23. Thanks _ asking me to your party. 24. My watch is very different _ yours. 25. Whats the weather _ today? 26. The student is asking his teacher _ the sports meeting. 27. The farmers are all getting ready _ the next year. 28. The radio says the wind will stop later _ the day. 29. Lets go out _ a walk, shall we? 30. Tom, your mother is waiting _ you. 31. We have noodles for lunch _ times. 32. Harerbin is _ the north of China. 33. The day _ tomorrow will be windy. 34. Dont worry _ your test. 35. I dont know which is the way _ the park. 36. An old woman is _ the side of the road. 37. _ the end of the road youll see the hospital.38. He left Tokyo _ a visit _ Beijing. 39. Dont laugh _ other peoples mistakes. 40. He did this instead _ me. 41. The people here are very friendly _ us. 42. Does he learn English _ himself? 43. I felt a little afraid _ my teacher. 44. Im afraid hell fall _ the bike. 45. Help yourselves _ some fish, Lily and Lucy. 46. _ these words he left the classroom. 47. It was a pleasure _ me. 48. Im sorry Im late _ the meeting. 49. Study hard, or you wont catch up _ your classmates. 50. Not far _ him was Lin Tao. Lin Tao ran fast, too. 51. Mr Wu is going to tell us the result _ once. 52. He goes to school early _ usual. 53. Its another way _ saying fast. 54. Im sorry he doesnt agree _ me. 55. He prefers playing football _ playing basketball. 56. What do you mean _ baozhi? 57. Dont play _ fire. Its dangerous. 58. He didnt go _ bed until twelve oclock. 59. My teacher was angry _ me. 60. Someone is knocking _ the door. 61. Have you heard _ Jim yet? 62. If you break the window, youll have to pay _ it. 63. Im sorry. I wont talk to others in class _ now on. 64. What have you done _ the milk? 65. The students walked _ the gates with Uncle Wang. 66. Are you _ trouble, Jim? 67. My mother is ill. I have to send _ the doctor. 68. The doctor operated _ my mother at once. 69. The glass is full _ milk. 70. I saw him _ the crowd. 71. There are a group of sheep _ the foot of the hill. 72. We are twins. People often mistake us _ each other. 73. The knife is made _ metal and wood. 74. Ships can travel _ the world. 75. He watched me _ surprise. 76. Choose my subject. Something about English, _ example. 77. Tie the horse _ the tree. 78. Nothing can stop us _ studying hard. 79. _ Mr Wangs help, I have passed the exam. 80. Please cut the metal _ some pieces. 81. I feel _ going for a walk. 82. We can finish the work _ a week. 83. Are you interested _ the film Titanic? 84. Hundreds _ years ago, there was a village here. 85. What _ earth can you see? 86. When did you join us _ the game?  【试题答案】1. with. Whats wrong with sb. sth. ？某人某物怎么啦？2. of. one of 之一。此句的主语是one，of短语作定语。3. at. at this time of day 在一天当中的这个时候。4. at. at atheschool在；at school在校读书。5. in. in the middle of 在时间、地点的中间。 6. on. on ones wayhome在某人回家的路上，way后面常接“to+名词短语，表示在去的路上，因为句中的home是副词，故其前不加to。7. on8. from. borrowfrom从某人或某处借入某物。比拟 lend sth. to sb. 把某物借出给某人。9. in. in the open air“在野外露天，也可说成 in the open。10. with. help sb. with. sth. 帮助某人做某事。11. for. 注意 time的两种句型：Its time for名词。 Its time to do sth. 两个短语的意思都是：“该做某事了。或“做某事的时间到了。12. of. a lot of “许多。该短语既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。此短语也可说成 lost of多用于书面语。13. past. past意为“过多少时间。14. at. be good at擅长。 15. about. talk about 谈论，talk to 和交谈。 16. in. in the front of物体内部的前面。比拟 in front of 在物体外部的前面。 17. from；to. from one to another从一个到另一个。18. in. 在较大的地名前用介词in。19. at. 到达小地方用介词at。20. on. on duty值班、值日。21. for