考博英语语法重点复习总结.docx

精品名师归纳总结考博英语语法重点总结独立主格、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、主谓一样、倒装一、独立主格特点1. 充当句子的状语。2. 有自己的主语,同句子的主语不一样。3. 名词（代词,形容词,副词,介词）+分词4. With+名词（代词）+分词 形容词）例： aItbeingraining,Idecidedtostayathome.b) Speechhavingbeendelivered,discussionstarted.c) heenteredtheroom,withhishandsopen真题剖析47.A.do199545cliffsnolongercrumbling,thebeachesare1993,TheCairo（ holdingarifle.feedthem.adlinesaboutthestudentD.Becau53thattheprofessor46ofthematerialwhichwould4745.A.ForB.AsC.Withse练习：1. （should ） +动词原形It+be 动词 +形容词-ableessential,odd,vital,absurd,regrettable,desirable,+that从句It+be 动词 +名词pity,shame,+that从句It+be 动词 +过去分词 ordered,begged,voted,moved,+that从句部分名词 / 动词 表示建议,劝说,打算等+that从句2. It s high,abouttimethat+动词过去式wouldrather+动词过去式真题剖析1997,Iwouldnt betruthfulifI47saythatt eachingishardwork.,B.didC.dontD.didn t newspapersthenextdaycarriedbannerhedemonstration52,andthey besenthome.53.A.orderedB.pleadedC.decidedD.demanded可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Dowhatyouneedtodotokeepthewolf 7 fromthe练习：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结door,theworld 8 yourthesisadviser,teamleader,Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexp可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结orlaboratorydirector.Thenusetherestofyourtime,plosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroad可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结erhapsatnightorontheweekends,todo 9 lywanttodo.yourealusers.Itishightimethatwe15 art.thismessagetohe可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结8.A.isB.havingC.beingD.be二、虚拟语气15.A.tookB.wouldtakeC.willtakeD.shouldtake2003.3Itisedifying,anditisasourceofinnersat可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结isfactioneven 54 ing.otherfacetsoflifeprovedisappoint2. 表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语,谓语多用单数。Eighthundreddollarsisenoughtoliveon.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结evenifotherfacetsoflifeshouldprovedisappointing.54.A.shallB.willC.wouldD.should3. 以-s 结尾的专出名词 （ linguistics,economics,measles,diabetes等）,谓语通常用单数形式。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结三、非谓语动词4.“分数或百分数+主语”,谓语跟主语保持一样。动名词、分词、不定式。主动或被动。 doing/done,todo/tobedoneTwothirdsunderwater.ofthevillagesarefloodedtheareais发生在谓语动词之前仍是之后。5.不定代词可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结D.derivative四、主谓一样partly,partly等Eithermyfatherormybrothersarecoming.1.整体及抽象概念作主语,谓语通常用单数形式。Howyougottheredoesnt concernme. Growingvegetablesneedsconstantwatering.8.each,every,manya,Manyastudentll.no and,+ 主语,谓语用单数。teacherhasbeentotheGreatWadoing/havingdone/havingbeendone,todo/tohavedone/tohavebeenTo 在什么情形下作介词,什么情形下作不定式引导词。真题剖析2000,IntheinnercitiesofAmerica,newspapersregul arlyreportonnewbornbabies60intogarbagebinsbydrug-addictedmothers.60.A.droppedB.todropC.droppingD.drops2001.3Aheroinaddict,forinstance,leadsa59lif e:hisincreasingneedforheroininincreasingdosesprev entshimfromworking,frommaintainingrelationships,fromdevelopinginhumanways.59.A.destructiveB.dissatisfiedC.damagedone,each,everyone,everybody,everything,noone,nobody, nothing,anyone,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something等 作主语,谓语用单数。Everyoneknowsthatyouvecomehere.Ifanybodywantstoseeme,letthemwaittillIc omeback.-thing的情形例外 6. 谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一样（ aswellas,with,alongwith,togetherwith,asmuchas,accompaniedby,besides,but,except,inadditionto,li ke,morethan,nolessthan,ratherthan,including等）HenolessthanJohnisinterestedinliterature.7. 谓语同最贴近的主语保持一样。or,either,or,neither,nor,notonly,butalso,not,but,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结真题剖析2000,MexicoCityalready52twentymillionpeopleand Calcuttatwelvemillion.AccordingtotheWorldBank,53o fAfrica s citiesaregrowingby10%ayear,54ofur banizationeverrecorded.53.A.noneB.fewC.anyD.some五、 倒装（一）全部倒装1. “ThereHere+be+主语”Therestandbigbuildingsinthisdistrict. Hereonthedeskliesapileofbooks.2. 单个副词 in,out,now,up,down,away,off,then 位于句首 短语动词不行拆,如itblewup.Incametheboss./Aheadsatanoldman.Bynomeanstheroomstoodthenaughtyboy.Atnotime3. 介词短语作状语位于句首4.表语位于句首6.Especiallyremarkablewashisflatnose.7.InthemiddleofNotfarfromhereisafamousuniversity.5. so,nor,neither,nomore位于句首 , 代表前文Shewasnt angry,andneitherwasI.Peterdoesntlikepopmusic.Nomoredoeshisbrother.foreverwerethedaysthatwedependedonforeigngansand6. 分词短语位于句首（分词+be+主语） Goneoil.（二）部分倒装1. 疑问句2. 否定副词seldom,rarely,scarcely,hardly,little,never,few,not until,notonly位于句首（作形容词时例外）NeverdidJohnspeakrudelytohisparents.3. “only+ 状语”位于句首Onlywhenhecomesbackcanbeleave.4. “hardly,when ”,“scarcely,when ”,“nosooner,than ”, “notonly,butalso ”位于句首Nosoonerhadhegotintotheclassroomthantheclas sbegan.5. not,no组成的词组位于句首innoway,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount,shouldyoubreaktherules. shouldwegiveintodifficulties.虚拟倒装 had,were,should 放到句首 “形容词 / 名词 / 动词+as/though （尽管 , 虽然） +be 动词”morethantwenothingintheSmallthoughtheroomis,itcanhold ntypeople.Searchastheywould,theycouldfind house.真题剖析2000Fasterthaneverbefore,thehumanworldisbecomin urbanworld.Bythemillionstheycome,theambitiou thedown-troddenoftheworlddrawnbythestrange可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结magnetismofurban46.46.A.wayB.lifeC.areaD.people限定词的用法1. Both,each,either,neither 只指两个 2. All,every,each,some,any,no 指两个以上 3. Some,any,more,themost,all,alot,lots,enough, none 复数可数或不行数atall.”Whilsthelikedcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishostreetgetmoresunthatuse.4. Much,alittle,agood/greatdeal,less,theleast 不行数 eg.“Gotanymoney.”“Nonetheother. ”“No,neithersideissunnierthantheother.Whilst”Botheg.“Doeseithersideofthis从句为考察重点1999,Theanswersgivenby200womentothoseintimate open-endedquestionsmademerealizethat51waswrongcouldnotberelatedtoeducationinthewayitwast henbelievedtobe.,51. A.whichB.whatC.itD.thattheirThanksgiving53,theySmith.,2.IoftenknitwhilewatchingTV.1998Theylearnedto51theirfarminghabitstoth eclimateandsoil.52theyselectedthefourthTh ursdayofNovemberforinvitedtheirneighbors,52. A.WhileB.WhenC.SoD.If1993IntheUnitedStatesacommentatorremarkedthat45Japanapparentlystillusedsome“primitivetools ”,46aJapanesecommentatorexpressedastonishmentthatth eAmericanpenswrotesopoorlytheycouldsafelybeusedonlyonceandthendiscarded.46.A.thoughB.whenC.whileD.andthatomittingthesubject Ratherformaluse让步状语从句以although,though,while,orwhilst开头时通常与主句共享主语 ,从句谓语用分词形式。liking cats, he never let them come into his house. the journalists,though greeted as heroes on their return from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared f rom their newspapers. 这四个词仍可用在名词、 形容词或副词词组前, 如： It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and lo ng-lasting one.Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour.WHILE1.HestayedwithmewhileDadtalkedwithDr.3. WhileIhavesomesympathyforthesefellows, Ithinktheywenttoofar.AND可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结1. oftenusedtolinkclausesIcameherein1922andIhavelivehereeversince.2. Whenyouaregivingadviceorawarning,youcanuse“and”tosaywhatwillhappenifsomethingisdone.Gobytrainandyoullgettherequicker.Doasyouretoldandyoullbeallright. WHERE1.Shewasstandingexactlywhereyouarestandingnow. 2.In1963wemovedtoBoston,wheremygrandparentslived. 3.Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.4. Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthis iswhereIdisagree.5. Now,wherewerewe.Ohyes,weweretalkingaboutJohn. 6.Whereothersmighthavebeensatisfied,Dawsonhadhigherambitions.difference WHICH 本身无意义,必需接在名词或代词后面1. 定语从句引导词Didyouseetheletterwhichcametoday.NowtheyweredrivingbythehouseswhichAndyhaddesc ribed.2. 分割句子,补充说明Thehouse,whichwascompletedin1856,wasfamousfor itshugemarblestaircase.Hewaseducatedatthelocalgrammarschool,afterwhich hewentontoCambridge.Shemayhavemissedthetrain,inwhichcaseshewont arriveforanotherhour.THAT多用于同位语从句和 thing的定语从句中。WHAT 有实际意义,可用于宾语从句和主语从句1. Nooneknowsexactlywhathappened.2. Itisnotcleartowhatextenttheseviewswereshared.3.Icouldgetyouajobhereifthat s whatyouwant.4. Whatthatkidneedsissomeloveandaffection.5. WhatmattersistheBritishpeopleandBritishjobs. AS1. 比较Hislastalbumsoldhalfamillioncopiesandwehope thisonewillbejustaspopular./Theywantpeaceasmu chaswedo.2. 作为,正如,Wed betterleavethingsastheyareuntilthepoli cearrive.David,asyouknow,hasnotbeenwelllately.3. 看作,看待Theresultoflastweeks electionwillbeseenasa victory.4. 当, 时候 =whileorwhenIsawPeterasIwasgettingoffthebus.5. 原可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结因Asitwasgettinglate,Iturnedaroundtostartfor home.6. 让步=thoughTryasshemight,Suecouldn tgetthedoorop en.Thebaghasnarrowstraps,soitmaybewornoverthes houlderorcarriedinthehand.I d beintroubleifIleton.SoIkeptmum.Whenthemealwasfinished,RachelwashedupandmadecofPreferable:Abigearthquakealongwayoffisprefe rabletoasmalleronenearby.Preferential:Bankofficialsdeniedgivingthesenator anypreferentialtreatment.4. Unimagined:Othersseeanewgoldenageofbusinessand technologythatwillliftthemarkettounimaginedheights.layoutoflirigidandunUnimaginative:Thatmeansthetraditionaloffice ned-upcubiclesandworkstationsisseenas可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结fee.imaginative.IwouldhavelikedtohavelearntFrench,butIwasdeni5.Loving:Shewasadevotedwifeandaverylovingmother.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结theopportunity.Lovable:awasdeniedtomeatschool.Lovely:Weed=notgiven TheopportunityTheprestigeisdeniedtotheclassroomteacher.Theclassroomteacherisdeniedtheprestige.过去分词与形容词的语义差：1. Destructive:causingdamagetopeopleorthings thedestructivepowerofmodernweaponsDamaged:beinginabadstate emotionallydamagedchildren2. Respected:admiredbymanybecauseofachievementsHes oneofthemostrespectedmanagersinthegame.Respectful:feelingorshowingrespect Theylistenedinrespectfulsilence.3. Preferred:Herownpreferredmethodsofexerciseare hikingandlongcyclerides.sweetlovablechild hadalovelyholiday.aregenerallywelltoleratedthforeveryone.6. Tolerated:WhilePatches eyarenotalwayssuitableTolerant:treesthataretolerantofsaltseawinds Tolerable:Allinall,itwasbettertohaveatolerabletenementthantheidealwhichnoonecouldafford.虚拟语气非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和微小含义。1. 不定式和动名词作主语的区分(1) 动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作。而不定式作主语表示详细动作。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Smokingisprohibited禁止 here 这里禁止抽烟。 抽象 Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。 详细 (2) 动名词作主语时, 通常用以表示一件已知的事或体会。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbingmountainsisinteresting爬山很好玩。 体会 Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。 体会 （ 3）不定式做主语, 一般用 it当形式主语, 把作主语的不定式短语后置。Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.2. 不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区分(1) 不定式作表语1 不定式作表语一般表示详细动作,特殊是表示将来的动作。Todotwothingsatatimeistodoneither - 次做两件事等于未做。WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce. 我的建议是马上开头干。2）假如主语是不定式 （表示条件） ,表语也是不定式 （表示结果） 。Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见。Toworkmeanstoearnaliving工作就是为了生活。3) 假如主语是以 aim, duty ,hope, idea , happiness ,job , plan , problem , purpose ,thing,wish 等为中心的名词,或以what 引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearf uture 他的期望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。ThefunctionofLouisSullivans architecturewast oprovidelargeuninterruptedfloorareasandtoallowamp lelightintotheinterior.Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemabout thefutureoftheplant(2) 动名词作表语：动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。Ourworkisservingthepeople 我们的工作是为人民服务。Hishobbyiscollectingstamps他的爱好是集邮。 注 动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异, 进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语, 说明主语的性质或情形。Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled ,fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemade suchastupidmistake.Hisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingth anIhadexpected (3) 分词作表语分词做表语有两种情形, 一种是现在分词做表语, 一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区分是考试中常常考到的的方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如 excite , interest 等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“兴奋”,“兴奋”, 而是“使兴奋”、“使兴奋”,因而现在分词应当是“令人兴奋的”、“令人兴奋的”, 过去分词就是“感到兴奋的”和“感到兴奋的”。 所以,凡表示“令人, 的”都是 -ing 形式,凡是表示“感到 , ”都用 -ed 形式。换句话说, 如人对, 感爱好,就是 somebody is interested in., 如人 / 物本身有爱好时,就是说 sb./sth. is interesting. 这类词常见的有：interesting使人感到兴奋 -interested感到兴奋的exciting令人兴奋的 -excited感到兴奋的可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结delighting令人兴奋的 -delighted感到兴奋的disappointing令人扫兴的 -disappointed感到扫兴的encouraging令人鼓励的 -encouraged感到鼓励的pleasing令人开心的 -pleased感到开心的puzzling令人费解的 -puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人中意的 -satisfied感到中意的surprising令人惊奇的 -surprised感到惊奇的worrying令人担忧的 -worried感到担忧的Travellingisinterestingbuttirin