初二英语语法总结2.docx

精品名师归纳总结初二英语语法总结1) leave的用法1. “leave+ 的点”表示“离开某的”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai.你什么时候离开上海的？2. “leave for+的点”表示“动身去某的”。例如：Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London.下周五,爱丽斯要去伦敦了。3. “leave+ 的点 +for+ 的点”表示“离开某的去某的”。例如：Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing.你为什么要离开上海去北京？2) 情态动词 should “应当”学会使用should作为情态动词用,常常表示意外、诧异、不能懂得等,有“竟会”的意思,例如：How should I know.我怎么知道？Why should you be so late today.你今日为什么来得这么晚？should有时表示应当做或发生的事,例如：We should help each other.我们应当相互帮忙。我们在使用时要留意以下几点：1. 用于表示“应当”或“不应当”的概念。此常常指长辈教诲或批评晚辈。例如：You should be here with clean hands.你应当把手洗洁净了再来。2. 用于提出看法劝导别人。例如：You should go to the doctor if you feel ill.假如你感觉不舒适,你最好去看医生。3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常显现的考点之一。例如：We should arrive by supper time.我们在晚饭前就能到了。She should be here any moment.她随时都可能来。3) What.与 Which.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结1. what与 which都是疑问代词,都可以指人或事物,但是what 仅用来询问职业。如：What is your father.你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于：What does your father do. What is your father's job.Which 指代的是特定范畴内的某一个人。如：-Which is Peter.哪个是皮特？-The boy behind Mary.玛丽背后的那个男孩。2. What.是泛指,所指的事物没有范畴的限制。而Which.是特指,所指的事物有范畴的限制。如：What color do you like best.（全部颜色） 你最宠爱什么颜色？Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow.（有特定的范畴）你最宠爱哪一种颜色？3. what与 which后都可以接单、复数名词和不行数名词。如：Which pictures are from China.哪些图片来自中国？4) 频度副词的位置1. 常见的频度副词有以下这些： always （总是,始终） usually（通常）often （常常,常常） sometimes （有时候） never （从不）2. 频度副词的位置：a. 放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结David is often arrives late for school.大卫上学常常迟到。b. 放在行为动词前。如：We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.我们每天常常在 7： 10去上学。c. 有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾,用来表示强调。如：Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike.有时我步行回家,有时我骑自行车。3. never放在句首时,主语、谓语动词要倒装。如：Never have I been there.5) every day与 everyday1. every day作状语,译为“每一天”。如：We go to school at 7:10 every day.我们每天 7： 10去上学。I decide to read English every day.我打算每天读英语。2. everyday作定语,译为“日常的”。She watches everyday English on TV after dinner.她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。What's your everyday activity. 你的日常活动是什么？6) 什么是助动词1. 帮助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被帮助的动词称作主要动词（ Main Verb ）。助动词自身没有词义,不行单独使用,例如：He doesn't like English.他不宠爱英语。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结（doesn't是助动词,无词义。 like是主要动词,有词义）2. 助动词帮助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来：a. 表示时态,例如：He is singing.他在唱歌。He has got married.他已结婚。b. 表示语态,例如：He was sent to England.他被派往英国。c. 构成疑问句,例如：Do you like college life.你宠爱高校生活吗？Did you study English before you came here.你来这儿之前学过英语吗？d. 与否定副词 not 合用,构成否定句,例如：I don't like him.我不宠爱他。e. 加强语气,例如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening.明天晚上肯定来参与晚会。He did know that.他的确知道那件事。3. 最常用的助动词有： be, have, do, shall, will, should, would7) forget doing/to do与 remember doing/to do 1.forget to do遗忘要去做某事。 未做 forget doing遗忘做过某事。 已做The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯仍在亮着,它遗忘关了。 没有做关灯的动作 He forgot turning the light off.他遗忘他已经关了灯了。已做过关灯的动作 Don't forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。 to come动作未做 典型例题可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结- The light in the office is still on.- Oh, I forgot.A. turning it off B. turn it offC. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案： C。由 the light is stillon 可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用forget to do sth.而 forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了,而自己遗忘了这一事实。此处不符合题意。2.remember to do记得去做某事 未做 remember doing记得做过某事 已做 Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。Don't you remember seeing the man before.你不记得以前见过那个人吗.8) It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1. forsb.常用于表示事物的特点特点, 表示客观形式 的形容词, 如 easy,hard,difficult, interesting, impossible等：It's very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2. ofsb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示 主观感情或态度的形容词, 如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。It's very nice of you to help me.你来帮忙我,你真是太好了。3. for与 of的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。假如道理上通顺用of , 不通就用 for 。如：You are nice. 通顺,所以应用 of 。He is hard. 人是困难的,不通,因此应用for 。9) 对两个句子的提问可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结新目标英语在命题中有将对句子划线提问这一题型取消的趋势,现在实行的作法是对一个句子进行自由提问。例如：句子： The boy in blue has three pens.提问： 1.Who has three pens. 2.Which boy has three pens.3. What does the boy in blue have.4. How many pens does the boy in blue have.很明显,同学多了更多的回答角度,也表达了考试的敏捷性。再如： 句子： He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday.提问： 1.Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday.2.Where does he usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday. 3.What does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday. 4.With whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday.5.What time does he usually go to the park with his friends on Sunday. 6.When does he usually go to the park with his friends.10) so 、such 与不定冠词的使用1. so 与不定冠词 a、an 连用,结构为“ so+形容词 +a/an+ 名词”。如：He is so funny a boy. Jim has so big a house.2. such与不定冠词 a、an 连用,结构为“ such+a/an+形容词 +名词”。如：It is such a nice day.That was such an interesting story.11) 使用 -ing分词的几种情形1. 在进行时态中。如：He is watching TV in the room.They were dancing at nine o'clock last night.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结2. 在 there be结构中。如：There is a boy swimming in the river.3. 在 have fun/problems结构中。如：We have fun learning English this term.They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.4. 在介词后面。如： Thanks for helping me.Are you good at playing basketball.5. 在以下结构中：enjoy doing sth乐于做某事 finish doing sth完成做某事 feel like doing sth想要做某事stop doing sth停止做某事 forget doing sth遗忘做过某事 go on doing sth连续做某事remember doing sth记得做过某事like doing sth宠爱做某事keep sb doing sth使某人始终做某事find sb doing sth发觉某人做某事see/hear/watch sb doing sth看到 / 听到 / 观看某人做某事try doing sth试图做某事 need doing sth需要做某事prefer doing sth宁愿做某事mind doing sth介意做某事practice doing sth练习做某事be busy doing sth忙于做某事可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结can't help doing sth禁不住做某事miss doing sth错过做某事12) 英语中的“单数”1. 主语的第三人称单数形式,即可用“ he, she, it”代替的。如：he, she, itmy friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle2. 名词有单数名词和复数名词。如：man（单数） -men （复数） banana （单数） -bananas（复数）3. 动词有原形,第三人称单数形式,-ing分词,过去式,过去分词。如：go-goes-going-went-gonework-works-working-worked-workedwatch-watches-watching-watched-watched当主语为第三人称单数的时候,谓语动词必需用相应的第三人称单数形式。如：The boy wants to be a sales assistant. Our English teacher is from the US.Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.13) 名词的复数构成的几种形式名词复数的构成可分为规章变化和不规章变化两种。I 名词复数的规章变化1. 一般在名词词尾加 -s 。如： pear-pears hamburger-hamburgers desk-desks tree-trees2. 以字母 -s, -sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词,词尾加 -es 。如：class-classes dish-dishes watch-watches box-boxes3. 以字母 -o 结尾的某些名词,词尾加-es 。如：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes Negro-Negroes hero-heroes4. 以辅音字母加 -y 结尾的名词,将 -y 变为 -i,再加 -es 。如：family-families dictionary-dictionaries city-cities country-countries5. 以字母 -f或-fe结尾的名词,将 -f或-fe变为 -v ,再加 -es 。如：half-halves leaf-leaves thief-thieves knife-knives self-selves wife-wives life-lives wolf-wolves shelf-shelves loaf-loaves 但是：scarf-scarvesfes roof-roofsserf-serfs gulf-gulfs chief-chiefs proof-proofs belief-beliefsII 名词复数的不规章变化1. 将 -oo 改为 -ee 。如：foot-feet tooth-teeth2. 将 -man 改为 -men。如： man-men woman-womenpoliceman-policemen postman-postmen3. 添加词尾。如： child-children4. 单复数同形。如： sheep-sheep deer-deer可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结fish-fish people-people5. 表示“某国人”的单、复数变化。即“中日瑞不变英法变,其它国把-s 加后面”。如：Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese Swiss-SwissEnglishman-Englishmen Frenchman-FrenchmenAmerican-Americans Australian-Australians Canadian-Canadians Korean-Koreans Russian-Russians Indian-Indians6. 其它。如： mouse-miceapple tree-apple treesman teacher-men teachers14) 双写最终一个字母的 -ing分词中学阶段常见的有以下这些：1. letletting让hit hitting打、撞cut cutting切、割get getting取、得到sit sitting坐forget forgetting遗忘put putting放set setting设置babysit babysitting暂时受雇照料婴儿2. shop shopping购物triptripping绊stop stopping停止可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结drop dropping舍弃 3.traveltravelling旅行swimswimming 游泳run running跑步 dig digging挖、掘begin beginning开头prefer preferring宁愿plan planning方案15) 确定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词1. some 变为 any。如：There are some birds in the tree.There aren't any birds in the tree.但是,如在表示请邀请、恳求的句子中,some 可以不变。如： Would you like some orange juice.与此相关的一些不定代词如something, somebody等也要进行相应变化。2. and 变为 or 。如：I have a knife and a ruler.I don't have a knife or a ruler.3.a lot of =lots of变为 many 或 much。如： They have a lot of friends.（可数名词）They don't have many friends.There is lots of orange in the bottle.（不行数名词）There isn't much orange in the bottle. 4.already变为 yet 。如：I have been there already.I haven't been there yet.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结16) in与 afterin与 after都可以表示时间,但二者有所区分。1. in常常用于将来时的句子中,以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间。如：He will leave for Beijing in a week.一周后他会动身去北京。2. after常常用于过去时的句子中,以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间。如：He left for Beijing after a week.一周后他动身去了北京。不过,假如 after后跟的是详细的时刻,它也可用于将来时。如：We will finish the work after ten o'clock.十点后我们会完成工作的。3. 留意区分以下的in 的用法。I'll visit him in a week.一周后我会去拜望他。I'll visit him twice in a week.一周内我会去拜望他两次。17) 不定冠词 a 与 an 的使用1.a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前。如：There is a "b" in the word "book".单词 book 中有个字母 b。类似的字母仍有： c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z。She has a small knife.她有一把小刀。2. an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如：There is an "i" in the word "onion".单词 onion 中有个字母 i 。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结类似的字母仍有： a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x。Do you have an umbrella.你有一把雨伞吗？3. 以元音字母开头的单词前面不肯定都用an。以辅音字母开头的单词前面也不肯定都用a。如：a useful book a universea one-letter word an houran unclean umbrellaan honest person18) 如何表达英语中的“穿、戴”？英语中表示“穿、戴”的表达方法有好几种,常见的有以下这些：1、put on主要表达“穿”的动作。如：He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套。You'd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子。2、wear主要表示“穿、戴”的状态。如：The old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴着一副眼镜。The girl is wearing a red skirt.那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。3、dress可作及物动词,有“给 .穿衣”的意思,后接“人”,而不是“衣服”。如：Please dress the children right now.请立刻给孩子们穿上衣服。dress也可作不及物动词,表示衣着的习惯。如：The woman always dresses in green.那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服。4、be in表示穿着的状态。如：John is in white today.约翰今日穿白色的衣服。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结The man in black is a football coach.19) a little, a few与 a bit ofa little, a few与 a bit of都有“一些、少量”的意义。他们的区分在哪里了？1. a little意为“一些、少量”,后接不行数名词。如： There is a little water in the bottle.瓶子里有一点水。仍可以接形容词。如：He is a little shy.他有些害羞。2. a few意为“一些、少数”,后接复数的可数名词。如：There are a few people in the room.房间里有一些人。3. a bit意为“一点儿”,后接形容词。如：It's a bit cold.有点冷。a bit of后接不行数名词。如：He has a bit of money.他有一点儿钱。4. a little表确定意义, little表否定意义。 a few表确定意义, few表否定意义。如：There is a little soda in the glass.杯子里有一点儿汽水。There is little soda in the glass.杯子里几乎没有汽水了。I have a few Chinese friends.我有一些中国伴侣。Few people like him.几乎没有人宠爱他。5. a little = a bit of,后接不行数名词。a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of,后接形容词,意为“有点儿”。20) 关于 like的用法like可以作动词,也可以作介词。1、like作动词,表示一般性的“爱好、宠爱”,有泛指的含义。如：Do you like the color.你宠爱这种颜色吗？like后可接不定式（ like to do sth）,也可接动词的 -ing分词（ like doing sth）,有时意思不尽相同。如：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结She likes eating apples.她宠爱吃苹果。 （习惯）She likes to eat an apple.她宠爱吃一粒苹果。 （平常不宠爱吃） like与 would连用,后接不定式,表示愿望或客气的恳求。如： Would you like a cup of tea.您情愿喝杯茶吗？“宠爱某人做某事”可以用结构“ like sb to do sth/doing sth”。如：They all like me to sing/singing English songs.他们都宠爱我唱英文歌。2、like作介词,可译成“像 .”。如：She is friendly to us like a mother.她对我们友好,就像母亲一样。It looks like an orange.它看起来像个桔子。3、区分以下句子：A. What does he look like.B. What is he like.A 句译为“他长相如何？”指一个人的外貌特点。而 B 句译为“他人怎么样？”指人的性格特点。C. The boy like Peter is over there.D. A boy like Peter can't do it.A 句指外貌相像,而D句指性格相像。21) stop to do sth与 stop doing sth1. stop to do sth意为“停下来去做某事”。如：The students stop to listen to their teacher.同学们停下来去听他们老师讲话。2. stop doing sth意为“停止做某事”。如：The students stopped talking.同学们停止了谈话。与它们相反的句式是： goon to do sth “连续做某事（与刚才一事不同）”和go on doing sth“连续做某事（与刚才同一件事）”。如：He finishes his homework and goes on to study English.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结他完成了作业,接着连续去念英语。They went on playing games.他们连续玩嬉戏。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载