初中英语中考复习名词语法基本框架知识点.docx

中考英语复习名词语法基本框架（一）名词的数1.不规则名词复数规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team,   public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants2.规则名词复数规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,  wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,（二）名词的所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.s 所有格的构成单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother,不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights,以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2.s 所有格的用法表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw3.of 所有格的用法用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed（三）名词单复数的判断1.如何判定是可数名词还是不可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，如：desk，desks；可数名词前面可以被基数词，不定冠词（a/an），many修饰，如：three boys，an apple, many students。2.如何判定是不可数名词不可数名词没有复数形式，如：tea，meat；不可数名词，若表示数量，可用量词加不可数名词，如：a piece of paper,  two cups of tea。3.常见的名词修饰词只修饰可数名词的修饰语few 几乎没有a few 有几个several 有几个many 很多a couple of 两个a number of 若干a great/large number of 许多只修饰不可数名词的修饰语little很少，几乎没有a little有一点儿much很多a good/great deal of很多a bit of有一点儿a large amount of大量的既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的修饰语some 一些a lot of 很多lots of 很多plenty of 充足的enough 足够的most 大多数的hardly any 几乎没有the rest of 剩下的（四）名词拓展1.voice, noise, soundvoice指人的说话声或唱歌声,指人的“嗓音”;noise是“吵闹声、噪音”,指不悦耳的声音;sound指自然界中的任何声音。2.work与jobwork是不可数名词,指需花费体力和脑力的工作;job是可数名词,多指“零工”或“短工”。例:a part-time job一份兼职工作;out of work 失业3.family, home, housefamily强调整体,指“家、家庭”时,谓语动词用单数;强调个人,指“家庭成员”时,谓语动词用复数;不用于指住房。home强调家的概念,指人们生活居住的地方,也指出生的国家或城市;house意为“房屋、住宅”,侧重房屋本身。例:My family is a big family.我家是个大家庭。(强调整体)All my family were watching TV when Tom came in.(强调家庭成员)汤姆进来时,我们全家人都在看电视。Tom considers Beijing to be his second home.汤姆把北京视为他的第二故乡。I bought a house with a big garden two years ago.两年前我买了个带大花园的房子。4.place,room和spaceplace意为“地点、地方”,为可数名词,指某一具体地点。room作“房间”讲,是可数名词;作“空间”讲,是不可数名词,指供某物、某人或某个活动使用的空间。space空间,表示万物存在之处,与time(时间)为相对概念。4