Unit 2 Grammar and usage 定语从句学案--高中英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修第四册.docx
定语从句在复合句中修饰某一名词、代词或句子的从句叫定语从句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。关系词在定语从句中的作用主要是：引导定语从句并且在定语从句中充当一定的成分。引导定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类。关系代词主要有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词主要有when, where, why等。关系代词在定语从句中主要充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，而关系副词则主要在定语从句中充当状语。定语从句分为两大类，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是对先行词的修饰或限定；非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明。例如：The doctor has a son who works as a teacher.(限制性定语从句，医生有一个做老师的儿子。言下之意，他可能还有其他不做老师的儿子。)The doctor has a son, who works as a teacher.(非限制性定语从句，医生有一个儿子，这个儿子做老师。言下之意，他只有一个儿子。)二、 关系代词引导定语从句1. 关系代词that引导定语从句关系代词that引导定语从句既可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中代替先行词充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。关系代词that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。例如：(1)Do you still remember that we visited three months ago?你还记得三个月前我们去拜访的那个养鸡场吗？(关系代词that引导定语从句，指物，在从句中充当宾语，此处that可以省略)(2)Our headmaster mentioned that won the first prize in the latest National Maths Competition.我们校长提到了一个在最近的全国数学竞赛中获得第一名的学生。(关系代词that引导定语从句，指人，在定语从句中充当主语)(3)He is no longer that he used to be.他已经不再是以前的那个懒人了。(关系代词that引导定语从句，指人，在定语从句中充当表语)【即时巩固】(1)We should realize the fact that when you graduate from university, you are still not prepared for the possible situations _ we may face in the working world.2. 关系代词which引导定语从句which引导定语从句仅指物，在定语从句中代替先行词充当主语、宾语、表语等，偶尔作定语。which引导非限制定语从句时，有时指代前面的整句话。关系代词which引导定语从句作宾语时可以省略。例如：(1)In an hour, we can travel to which would have taken our ancestors days to reach.在一小时之内，我们就可以旅行到原本要花费我们祖先几天才能到达的地方。(关系代词which引导限制性定语从句，在从句中充当主语)(2)Jim_passed_the_driving_test,_which surprised everybody in the office.吉米通过了驾驶考试，这一点让我们办公室里的每个人都很惊讶。(which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子的内容，在从句中充当主语)(3)Her sister has become ， which she wants to be.她的姐姐成了一名律师，这也正是她所期望的职业。(which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中充当表语，注意此处的先行词a lawyer是一种职业不是指人)(4)The_result_of_the_experiment_was_very_good,_which we hadn't expected.实验的结果很好，这出乎我们的意料。(which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子的内容，在从句中充当宾语)(5)They stayed with me for three weeks, during which time they drunk all the wine I had.他们和我一起待了三周，在这期间他们喝光了我所有的酒。(which在从句中作定语，修饰time)【即时巩固】(2)Personal space is the region surrounding a person _ they regard as psychologically theirs.(3)His promise that he would give away half of the year's income to the disabled turned out a lie, _ made the public feel cheated.3. 关系代词who与whom引导定语从句关系代词who与whom引导定语从句仅指人。who引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等；whom引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当宾语。关系代词who和whom作宾语时可以省略。在“介词关系代词”这一结构中，介词后面只能用whom不能用who。例如：(1)The man who/whom/that/不填 you met yesterday is Mr. Smith.昨天你碰到的那个人是史密斯先生。(2)I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards.我有很多需要给他们寄贺卡的朋友。【比较】 I have many friends who/whom/that/不填I am going to send postcards to.(3)In this earthquake, the number of people who/that lost homes reached as many as 250，000.在这次地震中失去家园的人数多达250000。4. 关系代词whose引导定语从句whose引导定语从句既可指人也可指物。在定语从句中充当定语，常用在某个名词之前来修饰该名词作定语。例如：(1)I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.我想要一个窗子朝向大海的房间。(关系代词whose引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当window一词的定语)(2)Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, whose effects the people are still suffering from.上个月东南亚部分地区受到了洪水的袭击，人们仍然还在遭受它的影响。(关系代词whose引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当effects一词的定语)(3)She is looking after the little child whose parents have gone to London.她在照看其父母去了伦敦的那个小孩。(关系代词whose引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当parents一词的定语)whose指物时可以用“the名词of which”或者“of whichthe名词”的结构来替换。例如：The house, whose roof was damaged, has now been repaired.The house, the roof of which was damaged, has now been repaired.The house, of which the roof was damaged, has now been repaired.屋顶损坏的房子现在已经修好了。【即时巩固】(4)More and more people go jogging in the morning, _ benefits for health arise from the air rich in oxygen.(5)After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, _ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.5. 关系代词as引导定语从句as引导非限制性定语从句位置关系不同于其他的定语从句，既可以位于先行词前面，也可以位于先行词后面。as引导定语从句表示“正如”的含义，同时as一词要在定语从句中充当一定的成分，如充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：(1)He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.他忘了带笔，这是常事。(2)As is known to all, Mark Twain is a great American writer.众所周知，马克·吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。(3)As we all know, the earth is round.The earth is round, as we all know.众所周知(正如我们大家都知道的)，地球是圆的。(4)As a poet points out, life is but a dream.正如一位诗人指出的，生活仅仅就是一场梦。as引导限制性定语从句常用在一些固定结构中，如the same.as; such.as; as.as; so.as等。as一词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：(1)He bought the same washing machine as you did yesterday.他买了一个和你昨天买的一样的洗衣机。(2)It was fashionable for fans to wear the same clothing as the Beatles did, and to get haircuts that matched their style as well.对于粉丝们而言，穿和披头士乐队一样的衣服、去理和他们风格一样的发型是一种时尚。【比较】(1)He is such a clever boy that we all like him.他是如此聪明的一个男孩以至于我们都喜欢他。(such.that.为结果状语从句， that不作任何成分)(2)He is such a clever boy as we all like.他是如此聪明的一个男孩，我们都喜欢他。(such.as.是定语从句，引导词as在定语从句中作宾语)6. “介词which”与“介词whom”引导定语从句“介词关系代词”引导定语从句，指物时用“介词which”，指人时用“介词whom”。“介词which”或“介词whom”引导定语从句，主要涉及的考点是选用介词的判定。例如：(1)In ten years, Jill went from working in the mailroom to running the company, in which more than 1，000 people now work.在十年时间里，吉尔从在邮局工作一直做到经营一家现在有1000多人在其中工作的公司。(先行词为the company，与定语从句搭配起来应为：more than 1，000 people now work in the company, 因此使用介词inwhich来引导定语从句)(2)The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.这种无色的气体是氧气，离了它我们不能活。(先行词为the colorless gas，根据含义与定语从句搭配起来应为：we cannot live without the colorless gas，因此使用without which来引导定语从句)(3)Mr. Smith, from whom I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist.史密斯是个著名的科学家，我从他身上学到了很多。(4)The woman to/with whom we spoke is from the USA.和我们讲话的那位女士是个美国人。(5)The girl with whom she was traveling is her best friend.和她一道旅行的那个女孩是她最好的朋友。(6)This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。(7)We will never forget the day on which we went on a strike.我们永远都不会忘记我们罢工的那一天。(8)We will never forget the days during/in which it was very difficult to contact the relatives in a distant place.我们将永远都不会忘记那些很难联系到远方亲戚的日子。(9)He made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what was going on outside the house.他在墙上弄了个洞，透过这个洞他可以看见外面正在发生的事情。【即时巩固】(6)All the people agree that it is so difficult a task _ no one can carry out within three weeks.(7)What impressed me most in 2003 was the success of Shenzhou and China's becoming the third nation to send a man into space, _ all our Chinese are proud.(8)She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _ had taken more than three years.(9)I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come.7. 关系副词when引导定语从句关系副词when引导定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词，且在定语从句中充当时间状语。when常可以使用“介词which”来替换。例如：(1)I shall never forget the days when (during/in which) I lived in the country with farmers, which has a great effect on my life.我永远也不会忘记和农民们一起住在农村的时光，这对我的人生有很重大的影响。(2)We are living in an age when (in which) many things are done on computer.我们生活在一个很多事情都在电脑上完成的时代。8. 关系副词where引导定语从句关系副词where引导定语从句，先行词可以是表示地点的名词，且在定语从句中充当地点状语。where 一词通常可使用“介词which”来替换。例如：(1)After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town where (in which) he grew up as a child.在巴黎住了50年后，他回到了他曾在那儿长大的那个小镇。(2)He points at the company and tells us that it is just the one where (in which) he worked for 30 years.他指着那个公司告诉我们那就是他工作过三十年的地方。where引导定语从句修饰表示非地点的先行词是一个难点，也是高考的热点。此类先行词并非指地点，但是我们可以将其看作是一种抽象地点来理解，或者将where替换成“介词which”来理解。例如：(1)I think of many cases where students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good essay.(wherein which)我思考了许多例子，在这些例子中学生显然懂得了很多英语单词和表达，却写不出好文章。(2)He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.(wherein which)他使自己陷入了一个危险的境地，在这种情形下他很有可能失去对飞机的控制。9. 关系副词why引导定语从句关系副词why引导定语从句修饰表示原因的先行词reason。why引导定语从句其先行词就只有reason一词，且在定语从句中充当原因状语。why通常可以用for which来替换。例如：He didn't know the reason why (for which) he was dismissed.他不知道他为什么被解雇了。【比较】(1)The reason why (for which) I am writing is that I'm eager to tell you about the party.我写信的原因是我迫切地想要告诉你有关聚会的事。(2)The reason that/which/不填he gave at the meeting sounded not so convincing.他在会上所给出的理由听起来不是很令人信服。【即时巩固】(10)Adolescence is a critical stage in the growth of children _ they tend to be restless, rebellious and consequently, some even aggressive.(11)In the fastmoving information age, teenagers should keep pace with the media environment _ they communicate with the outside world.(12)When reading a novel, it is important to look at the political and cultural context _ the novel is written.当堂达标·跟踪演练1. He broke his word to me before, so give me one reason _ I should trust him now.2. The reason _ he presented for his being late for the meeting, to be honest, was just an excuse that he had made up.3. Life is a long and rough journey, in a sense, _ you have to make tough decisions sometimes.4. In the era of digital technology, the occasions _ people living apart from each other choose to communicate face to face are becoming rarer and rarer.5. Peter and Mary have finally reached a compromise, _ the wife cooks the meals while the husband washes the dishes.6. Now we must look forward, and turn this into the moment _ everyonewhichever way they votedcomes together to build that better, brighter future for our entire United Kingdom.7. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us _ we gave some bells and glasses.8. I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.9. Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a Tshirt, _ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.10. Newton is known as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history _ magic ended and science began.11. The WHO says superbugs can also pass along genetic material _ helps other bacteria become resistant to drug treatment.12. As we all know, the Chinese Red Cross is one of the organizations, _ the purpose is to help the sick and the needy.13. The number of smokers, _ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.14. We shall take the conditions into careful account _ you have attached to this contract.Thanks. Hope for further cooperation.15. Last March, a deadly earthquake and tsunami struck Japan, causing a nuclear disaster, _ shadows many Japanese are still living in.16. Nature is at its most beautiful in spring _ all kinds of flowers are in blossom, _ attracts people from all walks of life to take a spring outing.17. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _ life has developed gradually.18. When did you see the sponsor, Madam?It was on the weekend _ I was doing some shopping with my husband.19. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers _ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.20. The professor built a glass wall _ he could observe what was going on inside.21. We felt it a pity that the research team failed to find such a plant _ had been described in the botanist's diary.22. New discoveries have been made by radio telescopes to solve key physics problems, _ the largest is FAST.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
