（整理版高中英语）高一英语暑假专题动词不定式冀教.doc

高一英语暑假专题动词不定式冀教版【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：暑假专题动词不定式动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。常见的形式如下所示以及物动词do为例，不及物动词没有被动语态。时态语态主动to do被动to be done一般式to be doing进行式完成式to have doneto have been done 完成进行式to have been doing1. 有些动词可以用不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。1有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。例如：afford aim agree arrange ask decide bother care choose demand desire determine elect endeavor hope fail help learn long渴望 mean manage offer plan pretend refuse tend undertake expect hate intend 例如： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。2有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如： ask choose expect help beg intend like/love need prefer prepare want wish 例如：I like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。3有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如：decide know consider forget learn remember show wonder find out tell inquire explain 例如：Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy. 有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。2. 不定式作补语 1有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：advise allow cause challenge command compel drive驱使 enable encourageforbid force impel induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 例如：Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。注意：有些动词如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作宾补，也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。2有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：consider find believe think declare声称 appoint guess fancy设想 guess judge imagine know 例如：We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。to be 不能省去典型例题Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案：C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外的不定式的结构，也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构，排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时，一般要求用不定式的完成式，应选C。3有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如：believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understand 例如： We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。 You wouldnt want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。3. 不定式作主语 不定式作主语，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。 例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真快乐。It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。It's very kind of you to help us.你帮助我们，你真好。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。例如：对To teach is to learn. 错It is to learn to teach.错To teach is learning.错Teaching is to learn.典型例题The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式结构的末尾。4. It's for sb.和 It's of sb.这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。 1for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如：It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。用for还是用of 的另一种区分方法：用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用of，不通那么用for。例如：You are nice.通顺，所以应用of。He is hard. 非所表达的意思，不通，因此用for。5. 不定式作表语 不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。6. 不定式作定语 不定式作定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如：I have a lot of work to do.我有许多事要做。There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上他回家时两手空空。 7. 不定式作状语 1目的状语常用结构为to do , only to do仅仅为了, in order to do,so as to do,sosuch as to如此以便。例如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你辞别。2作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。 I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。3表原因I'm glad to see you. 见到你很快乐。She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。 4表示理由和条件He must be a fool to say so.You will do well to speak more carefully.8. 用作介词的to to 可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标志。下面的to 都用作介词：admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to开始 look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to9. 省去to 的动词不定式 1情态动词 除ought 外 后。2使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。注意：被动语态中不能省去to。例如： I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。 =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night.3would rather，had better句型后4Why / Why not句型后5help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb to do sth6but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。比拟：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。7由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去8通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。例如： He is supposed to be nice.他应该是个好人。典型例题1I usually go there by train. Why not _ by boat for a change?A. to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。2Paul doesn't have to be made _. He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。 10. 动词不定式的否认式在不定式标志to前加上not。例如： Tell him not to shut the window. 让他别关窗。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。典型例题1Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive 答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否认形式为warn sb. not to do sth. 此处用的是否认词never.2The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _. A. not toB. not to doC. not do it D. do not to 答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语，因此B，D也不对。11. 不定式的特殊句型too to 1too to 太以至于。例如：He is too excited to speak. 他太冲动了，说不出话来。Can I help you ? 需要我帮助吗?Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。2如在too前有否认词，那么整个句子用否认词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为“不太。例如：It's never too late to mend. 改正不嫌晚。谚语3当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常，等于very。例如： I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常快乐。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。12. 不定式的特殊句型so as to 1表示目的；它的否认式是so as not to do。例如：Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2表示结果。例如： Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。 13. 不定式的特殊句型Why not “Why not +动词原形表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不?“干吗不?。例如：Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?14. 不定式的时态和语态 1一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再见到你。2完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如： I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他好似已经得了感冒。3进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如： He seems to be eating something. 他好似正在吃什么东西。4完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如： She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。15. 动名词与不定式 1动名词与不定式的区别： 动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义根本相同。 3有些动词如forget接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义大相径庭。常见的，下一节有专门讨论。特殊词精讲1 stop doing/to do stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事，stop doing停止做某事。例如：They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. resting C. to restD. rest答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择“stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。2. forget doing/to do forget to do忘记要去做某事，forget doing忘记做过某事。例如：The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。没有做关灯的动作He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。已做过关灯的动作The light in the office is still on. Oh，I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.，而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。3. remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事，remember doing记得做过某事。例如：Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?4. regret doing/to do regret to do对将要做的事遗憾，regret doing对做过的事遗憾、懊悔。例如：I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有方法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而懊悔。典型例题You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C.to have done D.having done答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。此题为对已说的话感到懊悔，因此选D。5. cease doing/to do cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事，cease doing短时间停止做某事，以后还会接着做。例如：That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个系已不复存在。The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 6. try doing/to do try to do努力，企图做某事，try doing试验，试着做某事。例如：You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。7. go on doing/to do go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，go on doing继续做原来做的事。例如：After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 你做完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习。8. be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do不敢，害怕去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕，be afraid of doing担忧出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕。例如：She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。 She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。9. be interested in doing/to do be interested to do对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事，be interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。例如：I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。想了解I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? 一种想法10. mean doing/to do mean to do 打算、想，mean doing意味着。例如：I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购置力。11. beginstart doing/to do begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth.1谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing。例如：How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？2begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do。例如：I was beginning to get angry. 我开始生起气来。3在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。例如： I begin to understand the truth. 我开始明白真相。4事物作主语时。例如：The snow began to melt. 雪开始融化了。12. 感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，+doing 表示动作的进行性。例如：I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。强调“我看见了这个事实I saw him working in the garden yesterday.强调“我见他正干活这个动作昨天我见他正在花园里干活。典型例题1They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。2The missing boy was last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playingC. playD. to play 答案A。此题强调其动作，正在河边玩，因此用see sb. doing sth句型。【模拟试题】答题时间：120分钟1. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. ('97) A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing2. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. ('96) A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose3. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. ('96) A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating4. Paul doesnt have to be made _ . He always works hard. ('95) A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning5. We agreed _ here. But so far she hasn't turned up yet. ('95) A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met6. You were Brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret _ that. ('95) A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done7. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay. ('94) A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added8. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. ('93) A. to have invented B. inventing C. to invent D. having invented9. Last summer I took a course on _ . ('90) A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made10. He has always insisted on his _ Dr. Turner instead of Mr Turner. ('92)A. been called B. called C. having called D. being called11. _ a reply, he decided to write again. ('92) A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received12. The secretary worked late into the night, _ a long speech for the president. ('91) A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing13. Tom ought not to _ me your secret, but he meant no harm. ('93)A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told14. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in 16th century. ('94) A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written15. _ more attention, the trees could have grown better. ('90)A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given二、应用举例1. _ work means moving a body through a distance by a force. A. Having done B. Done C. Doing D. Being done2. “Why were you so late for work today?“_ to the office was very slow this morning because of the traffic. “A. Driving B. To drive C. I drove D. That I drove3. “What's made Jenny so upset? “_ two tickets to the film.A. Lost B. Losing C. Because of losing D. Since she lost4. I haven't got a chair _ A. to sit B. for to sit on C. to