动词不定式_.doc

非谓语动词动词不定式A.      语法要点剖析非谓语动词就是在句子中不能单独作谓语的动词，这样的动词没有人称和数的变化。它包括动词不定式、动词-ing和动词-ed三种形式。动词不定式：由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”,不定式在句子中可作主语、宾语、宾补、表语、状语和定语。1动词不定式的语法功能作主语To see is to believe.It is kind of you to repair my bicycle.It is good for us to take part in physical labor.注意：不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。作宾语She wanted to borrow my bike.I find it interesting to study English.注意：不定式短语作宾语时，若还带有宾补，往往把不定式放宾补之后，而用it作形式宾语。作宾补He asked me to do the work with him.注意：在feel, hear, listen to, watch, notice, observe, see, have, let, make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但这些句子如果变成被动结构，就必须带to。I often hear him sing the song.He is often heard to sing the song.作定语The next train to arrive is from Washington.She was the first person to think of the idea.注意：若不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后要加适当的介词。He is looking a room to live in.There is nothing to worry about.当不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式的主动语态和被动语态表示不同的含义。Have you anything to be typed?(动作的执行者是说话者)I have a lot of things to see to this afternoon.（动作的执行者是句子的主语）作表语His wish is to become a scientist.To the doctor, the most important thing is to save peoples lives.作状语，表示目的、结果、原因。He stopped to have a rest.(表示目的)(In order) To search for gold, many people went to California.（表示目的）I often read China Daily (so as/ in order) to improve my English.（表示目的）注意：so as to 不能位于句首。What have I said to make you so angry? (表示结果)She went abroad never to return. (表示结果)注意：不定式和only连用，表示未预料的结果。The thief broke into the house only to find it empty.在so as to, such as to, enough to, too to等结构中的不定式均表示结果。He is too young to join the army.He is so careless as to forget his pen.Im glad to hear the news.(表示原因)作插入语To tell the truth, I dont agree with you.常用的这类短语有：to be brief, to begin/ start with, to be honest, to make things worse, etc.不定式与疑问词who, which, when, where, how, what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、表语、宾语等。How to solve the problem is very important.（作主语）My question is when to start.（作表语）I dont know what to do next.（作宾语）注意：在与why 连用时，只用于why或why not 开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。Why not have a rest?Why worry about it?“介词which/ whom +不定式”结构通常用作后置定语。She is a very nice woman with whom to work.Without facts, a person can not form a correct opinion, for he needs to have actual knowledge on which to base his thinking.省略to的动词不定式      助动词或情态动词后(ought to, have to , be to 除外)May I ask you a question?Will you go with me?      在与why 连用时，只用于why或why not 开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。Why not have a rest?Why worry about it?      介词but, except, besides 之后跟不定式作宾语时，若介词前有动词do 及其变化形式时，不定省略to。What do you like to do besides swim?He did nothing but play computer games last night.I have no choice but to go.      在hear, listen to, watch, see, notice, feel, make, have等词后的补足语中，不定式省略to，但在被结构中，必须带to。Have you seen a stranger enter the building?I heard him go upstairs./ He was heard to go upstairs.      在had better, would rather, would ratherthan等结构后，不定式省略to。I would rather stay at home rather than go to the cinema with him.You had better study hard from now on.1   动词不定式的时态和语态如下表所示（以动词do为例）：   主动语态被动语态一般式to doto be doing进行式to be doing 完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing A. 不定式的时态不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态通常与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语动词之后。I often see her read in the park.They made plans to live in Paris.不定式的进行式表示谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在进行的动作。He pretended to be listening to me carefully.When he came in, I happened to be reading the novel.不定式的完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作。She seemed to have read the book before.He is said to have written a new novel.注意：不定式的完成式在用在meant, intended, hoped, expected, promised, planned, thought 等词后，表示未曾实现的愿望、期待、打算、计划、想法等。I meant to have done the work before Sunday.I intended to have come to see you.在should/ would like后用动词不定式的完成式表示没有实现的愿望。Id like to have gone with her. But I was busy then.B. 不定式的语态：当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。如，Its great honor to be invited to the party.I had to shout to be heard.No harm seems to have been done.不定式的主动式表示被动意义的几种情况：  不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，Have you got a key to unlock the door?(A key unlocks the door.)  不定式和它所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成主谓关系时，He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)Ive got a letter to write.(I write a letter.)  不定式作表语形容词（如，easy, hard, difficult, heavy, light, comfortable等）的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，The book is difficult to understand.The box is heavy to carry.动词ing动词的-ing形式包括动名词和现在分词两种形式。1   动名词A. 动名词的句法功能作主语Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old.Its no use arguing with them.作表语My job is teaching.Seeing is believing.作宾语We enjoy swimming very much because it is good to our health.She is fond of playing the piano.注  admit, enjoy, finish, mind, practise, avoid, appreciate, miss, escape, suggest, imagine, keep等动词后只能用动名词作宾语。注  forget, remember, stop, try, mean, regret等动词后可接动名词和不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。Ill try to improve my spoken Englsih.(尽力)Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you.（试着）Missing the train means waiting for another hour.（意味着）I didnt mean to hurt her.（打算）注  allow, permit, advise, forbid等动词后直接跟动词作宾语时，要用动名词形式；若其后有名词或代词作宾语，然后再跟动词作宾补时，宾补用带to 的不定式。Dont allow smoking here.We dont allow students to smoke here.注  动词need, want, require作“需要”解，其后跟动名词的主动式（表示被动意义）或不定式的被动式。The window needs cleaning/ to be cleaned.作定语This is a reading room(=a room for reading).B. 动名词的复合结构由一个动名词加一个物主代词或一个名词所有格构成。这个物主代词或名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。如果不是在句子开头这个结构常常用人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格。His / Toms coming to help was a great encouragement to us.They insist on Kate/ her staying longer.注：若动名词逻辑上的主语是无生命的东西，只能用普通格。Is there any hope of our team winning the game?2   现在分词A.      分词的句法功能作表语The film is very moving and exciting.The news is disappointing.作定语Barking dogs seldom bite.The boy standing there is one of my classmates.作宾补I saw the girl crossing the street.They kept me waiting for a long time.      作状语，表示原因、时间、结果、条件或伴随状况等。Not knowing her phone number, I couldnt ring her up.(表示原因)Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.（表示时间）Her parents died in the earthquake, leaving her an orphan.（表示结果）Working hard, you will succeed.（表示条件）He sat at the table, reading China Daily.（表示伴随状况）作插入语Generally speaking, boys are more interested in such activities than girls.Judging by her accent, she must be from America.B. 现在分词的时态和语态：现在分词有一般式和完成式两种时态，且有主动语态和被动语态。现在分词的一般式表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作。Having been criticized by the teacher, John gave up smoking.The question being discussed is important.C独立主格结构：分词作状语，当其逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。Weather permitting, well go out for a picnic tomorrow.It being fine, we decided to go swimming.3   过去分词：在句子中可充当表语、定语、宾补和状语，只有一般式表示完成和被动的动作，也没有被动语态。作表语You shouldnt try to stand up if you are badly hurt.The cup is broken.作定语Polluted air and water are harmful to peoples health.The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies.作宾补The speaker raised his voice but couldnt still make himself heard.She saw the thief caught by the policemen.作状语，表示原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随状况等。Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.Given more time, we could do it much better.Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged and practiced even harder.The professor came in, followed by a group of young people.