新编简明英国文学史复习资料.doc

Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date新编简明英国文学史复习资料英国文学史英国文学史选择题14century 【下poetry】1.Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷大教堂故事集The father of modern English poetry2.The Gawain-Poet（romance传奇故事）Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士与绿衣骑士Beowulf(an English epic)贝奥武夫The Renaissance period/the reign of Queen Elizabeth3.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞The Faerie Queen仙后(for Queen Elizabeth) The theme something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithful loves”.The poets poet. The first to be buried in the Poets corner of Westerminster Abbey.4.William Shakespeare威廉·莎士比亚【poetry/drama】The greatest of all Elizabethan dramatists, he is the author of 37 plays.Four Tragedies: Hamlet哈姆莱特Othello奥赛罗King Lear李尔王Macbeth麦克白Four Comedies: As You Like It皆大欢喜; Twelfth Night第十二夜; A Midsummer NightS Dream仲夏夜之梦; Merchant Of Venice威尼斯商人Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.17century5.John Donne约翰·邓恩the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人)./met'fizikl/6.John Milton约翰·弥尔顿失明后写 Epics:Paradise Lost失乐园、Paradise Regained复乐园Dramatic poem: Samson Agonistes力士参孙7.John Dryden约翰·德莱顿The neoclassicist新古典主义者，也是戏剧家Dryden displayed his talents in different fields of literature. He is the master of satirical(讽刺的）verse, but he also created brilliant odes. His translation/ In prose, his literary criticism/ An excellent poet 8.Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛【下English drama】Marlowe is one of the first playwrights to use blank verse（无韵诗） in English drama.9.John Bunyan约翰·班扬The Pilgrim's Progress天路历程：It is a prose allegory depicting the pilgrimage of a human soul in search of salvation. 宗教寓言 Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)18century10.Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福The life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记 11.Jonathan Swift乔纳斯·斯威夫特Gulliver's Travels格列夫游记 辛辣讽刺12.Samuel Richardson塞缪尔·理查森Epistolary novel:Pamela 帕梅拉or Virtue Rewarded has been accepted as the first English novel.Clarissa, or the History of A Young Lady is his best novel.A Dictionary of English Language13.Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁The History of Tom Jones, a Founding弃婴汤姆·琼斯He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.The preromantic period14.William Blake威廉·布莱克Songs of Innocence天真之歌 Songs of Experience经验之歌15.Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century. Scotland / Poems Chiefly in the Scottish DialectThe Romantic period: William Wordsworth、Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯尔律治、Byron、Shelley、Keats16.William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯In 1798,Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（with Coleridge）. Its publication marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century and the beginning of the romantic period in England.17.George Gordon , Lord Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.Childe Harolds Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗德尔游记(poem)恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。Don Juan唐·璜(poem)18.Percy Bysshe Shelley波西·比西·雪莱Poetic Drama:Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯Lyrics:Ode to the West Wind西风颂symbolizes rebirth , creative power and freedom.If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?-Shelley19.John Keats约翰·济慈：擅长写ode（颂）Ode to Autumn秋颂Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂20.Jane Austen简·奥斯汀realistSense and Sensibility理智与感情Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德山庄Emma 爱玛The Victorian Period:Tennyson、Robert Browning、Elizabeth Barrett Browning、Matthew Arnold21.The Brontë Sisters勃朗特姐妹Charlotte Brontë夏洛蒂·勃朗特：Jane Eyre简爱Emily Brontë 艾米莉·勃朗特：Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄22.George Eliot乔治·艾略特（女）The Mill an the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊Middlemarch米德尔马契23.Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯critical realist writer批判现实主义小说家Pickwick papers匹克威克外传Oliver Twist雾都孤儿David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔Bleak House荒凉山庄Great Expectations远大前程Hard Times艰难时世24.William Makepeace Thackeray威廉麦克匹斯萨克雷Vanity Fair名利场:the name is an excerpt from "The Pilgrims Progress" by John Bunyan.25.Thomas Hardy托马斯·哈代:pessimism消极The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长Tess of the D'Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure无名的裘德Most of Hardy's works have the gloomy, sullen landscape of Wessex in the background.26.Alfred, Lord Tennyson阿尔弗莱德·丁尼生（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人）27.Robert Browning罗伯特·白朗宁My Last Duchess我已故的公爵夫人:one of the most famous dramatic monologues in the English language.（戏剧手法）The Ring and the Book环与书The 20th century28.George Bernard Shaw乔治·伯纳·萧critical realistic dramatist 英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家Plays unpleasant:Widowers' Houses鳏夫的房产、Mrs. Warren 's Profession华伦夫人的职业Plays:Major Barbara芭芭拉上校29.Joseph Conrad约瑟夫·康纳德Of Conrads short stories,”Heart of Darkness”is best-known.The stream of consciousness novels意识流小说：Virginia Woolf、James Joyce30.Virginia Woolf弗吉尼亚·沃尔芙Mrs. Dalloway达洛维夫人To the Lighthouse到灯塔去31.James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man年轻艺术家的肖像画Ulysses尤利西斯The New Poetry in the 20th Century:William Butler Yeats 威廉·勃特勒·叶茨(Ireland,Irish)、T.S.Eliot32.David Herbert Lawrence戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯Son and Lovers儿子与情人名词解释1.romance:It became a popurlar form of literature. They are tales of adventure in which knights,or distressed ladies,experienced various tests and had their wishes eventually fulfilled. The reasons for their adventures could be love,religious faith, or the mere desire for excitement.2.The Renaissance:The world renaissance means “rebirth.” It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one. It first started in Italy during the 14th century when there developed an interest in the manuscripts surviving from ancient Greece and Rome. Classical learning and philosophy were enthusiastically studied. The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit, a realization of human potential for development and creation. Never before in human history were men and women so eager to create and discover something new. In Italy a group of artists、writers etc. created the most brilliant page of culture and science in Renaissance Europe. The passionate Petrarch produced sonnets that influenced Shakespeare and many others.3.University Wits:At the beginning of the Elizabethan Age, a group of Oxford and Cambridge graduates came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. They were eager to put what they had learned at universities before the public. They worked as poets, prose-writers and playwrights. This grough,later known as the “University Wits”,consists of a group of talented young writers. John Lyly is the author of the prose comedy Alexander and Campaspe.Thomas Kyd composed one of the early masterpieces of English tragedy,The Spanish Tragedy. Christopher Marlowe is the most outstanding dramatist among the group. Their dramatic works, though uneven in quality, are important contributions to English drama. They helped to free English tragedy from artificial restrictions imposed by classical authority and they developed a comedy tradition that is more close to life. Their plays paved the way for the creation of many of Shakespeares masterpieces.4.Heroic Drama:The heroic drama helped to boost the morale of the English people,who needed heroism badly after the chaotic Civil War. Moral behaviors were once again emphasized and praised. The heroic plays,often characterized by rich costumes and exotic scenes,dealt with strong emotional conflicts. The hero was often torn between his passion and his honor or duty to his country. The heroic drama was commonly written in rhymed heroic couples. However ,there are exceptions. Drydens All for Love ,though written in blank verse,have all the typical characteristics of the heroic drama.5.Comedy of Manners:The comedy of manners refers to the more realistic and satirical comedy of the Restoration period,as practiced by William Wycherley and William Congreve. It is named so because these plays are concerned with the manners and conventions of an artificial society. The comedy of the time reflected the fashions, manners, and outlook on life of a typical social group. The characters in the comedy of manners often have a single trait;they can be heartless or clever. They are presented as typical examples of a class of people rather than real life individuals. Satire is its main attraction. The comedy of manners often mocks peoples “unnatural behavior”论述题1.Hamlet:Hamlet is certainly the most wellknown. The play is characterized by its uncertainties. Hamlet has been described as melancholic and neurotic, as having an Odipus complex, as being a failure and indecisive, as well as being a hero, a perfect Renaissance prince. To be or not to be is the center of Hamlets questioning,and also has become a universal question puzzling every intellectual mind. Reasons not to go on living outnumber reasons for living. But he goes on living until he completes his revenge. His progress is a “struggle of becoming”of coming to terms with life, and learning to accept it, with all its drawbacks and challenges.”Monologues” in the play are comprehensive and complete picture of the tragedy of the mentality of the main character, at that time reflected the peoples social life,good and evil ,justice and corruption. It is these monologues that Hamlet has the deep spirit of humanism and deep thinking. Hamlet projected Shakespeares vision of political chaos in 17th-century England. Moral corruption is a serious concern and it is repetitively announced in the play. The loss of fidelity and true love is another sign of moral decline.2.Othello:A tight-knit tragedy,portrays the fall of Othello, a great Moor serving as a general in the Venetian army. The object of his jealously is his innocent wife. The tragedy of Othello demonstrates how easily a noble heart can be destroyed. The same quality that makes a man great may also make him more vulnerable to human malignance. Othellos nobility and honesty are outbalanced by passion and credulity. He allows his sense of honor and virtue to develop beyond a reasonable limit. He fails to distinguish truth from falsehood. This leads to his final fall into barbarism. Iago, the evil deceiver, knows his masters weakness, draws him into mistaken jealousy and ruins the lives of the newly-wed couple. Iago is Shakespeares outright villain, the most debased human creature. His hostile actions do not need motivation. The tragedy is the most realistic tragedy of his time in many ways,as it is the true reflection of his time and his society. In addition, the story has nothing to do with the ancient Greek and Roman mythology,and it also has nothing to do with the medieval ages. The story took place in Venice of Italy which was the most advanced country at that time.3.King Lear:The tragedy is caused by the same human folly:the loss of ones ability to make sound judgments. The play is, in the opinion of many, his greatest tragedy, beyond the others in its cosmic themes and depth of tragic feeling. It explores questions: is there any meaning or order or justice in the cosmos? Is nature beneficent or malevolent or simply indifferent to human kind? Is human suffering meaningless or can it lead to insight and wisdom? His plays do not present any solutions. In this play, the king was taken from the height of power to the limits of endurance, reduced to nothing but a poor bare foked animal. Shakespeare is exploring and redefining the geography of human soul, taking his characters and his audience further than any other writer into the depths of human behaviour. The play has two plots:one involves the king and three daughters, the other Gloucester, Lears councilor, and his two sons. The two plots intermingle and reinforce each other. Lear suffers from his misjudgment and irresponsibility. But Lear gains new knowledge of human nature through these sufferings. Love is another force that alleviates Lears suffering. Cordelias love has its soothing power. Her sacrifice brings into the tragedy a convincing note:goodness and virtue will eventually triumph over debasement and evil.4.Macbeth: This drama is one of the great tragedy themed plays by William Shakespeare. The themes illustrated in the play include ambition, fate, deception and treachery. Three witches decide to confront the great Scottish general Macbeth on his victorious return from a war between Scotland and Norway. They predict that he will one day become king. Macbeth decides that he will murder Duncan. Macbeth's wife agrees to his plan. He then murders Duncan assisted by his wife.At last,Lady Macbeth commits suicide. Macduff kills Macbeth and becomes king.The tragedy is caused by another sort of human defectamibition. To gain the Scottish throne, Macbeth dulls his humanity,and tramples upon the principles of human behavior. The lust for power is the grave sin that leads to his degeneration. It is the story of a brave warrior turning into a tyrannical usurper who is capable of any amoral act in achieving his ambition. It is a story of a brave warrior turning into a tyrannical usurper who is capable of any amoral act in achieving his ambition. Lady Macbeth is often seen as a strong, scheming woman behind an indecisive husbandand sometimes as the fourth witch, in a play where witches represent demonic power. -