2021山东职称英语考试模拟卷（4）.docx

2021山东职称英语考试模拟卷（4）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Our plan is to (allocate) one member of staff to handle appointments.AassignBpersuadeCaskDorder 2.The town is (famous) for its magnificent church towers.AknownBcontemporaryCspecializedDspecified 3.He (comprehends) the theory of relativity.AlearnsBteachesCunderstandsDinvestigates . 4.Oh, child , how you (astonished) me I thought you were in the garden.AcheatedBtreatedCsurprisedDtricked 5.The kinds of the oil use (affect) your health.AcauseBfancyCinfluenceDincrease 6.Some insects rely on the tiny hairs scattered over their bodies to (sense) sound waves.AconvertBdisguiseCsendDdetect 7.He (endured) all kinds of hardships in his solo sailing around the world.AsufferedBexperiencedClastedDovercame 8.There is less crime now; it seems that there is a (fall) in the crime rate.AdecreaseBinclineCdefeatDslope 9.Anatomy1. The term anatomy comes from Greek anatomy, "dissection". It is a branch of natural science dealing with the structural organization of living things. The proper understanding of structure, however, implies a knowledge of function in the living organism. Anatomy is therefore almost inseparable from physiology, which is sometimes called functional anatomy.2. It is convenient to subdivide the study of anatomy in several different ways. One classification is based on the type of organisms studied, the major subdivisions being plant anatomy and animal anatomy. Animal anatomy is further subdivided into human anatomy and comparative anatomy, which seeks out similarities and differences among animal types. Anatomy can also be subdivided into biological processes, for example, developmental anatomy, the study of embryos, and pathological anatomy, the study of diseased organs.3. The oldest known systematic study of anatomy is contained in an Egyptian papyrus dating from about 1600 BC. In the 4th century BC Aristode increased anatomical knowledge of animals. The first real progress in the science of human anatomy was made in the following century by the Greek physicians Herophilus and Erasistratus, who dissected human cadavers (尸体) and were the first to distinguish many functions , including those of the nervous and muscular systems.4. Modern anatomy began with the publication in 1543 of the work of the Belgian anatomist Andreas Vesalius. Before the publication of this classical work anatomists had been so bound by tradition that the writings of authorities of more than 1000 years earlier, were accepted in lieu of actual observation. Vesalius and other Renaissance anatomists, however, based their descriptions on their own observations of human corpses, thus setting the pattern for subsequent study in anatomy.5. The 17th-century invention of the compound microscope led to the development of microscopic anatomy. Under the leadership of the Italian anatomist Marcello Malpighi, the study of the microscopic structure of animals and plants flourished during the 17th century. Microscopic anatomy developed rapidly in the 19th century. Knowledge of microscopic anatomy was greatly expanded during the 20th century as a result of the development of microscopes.A. The Beginning of researchB. The subdivision of AnatomyC. The Beginning of Mordern AnatomyD. Anatomy in Ancient TimesE. A Brief History of Microscopich AnatomyF. The definition of AnatomyParagraph 1 10.Bathing In the Sea Bathing in the sea in England a hundred years ago was not quite the light-hearted amusement that it is today. There are no running down from the hotel to the beach in a bath robe(长袍) , no sunbathing, or lying about on the sands in bathing-dresses after the dip. Everything had to be done in an orderly and extremely polite manner. Mixed bathing was not allowed anywhere. Men and women each had their separate part of the beach, and they were not supposed to meet in the water. Bathing clothes were also closely controlled. Men usually wore simple bathing drawers and no more, but women were obliged to wear thick, cumbersome woolen garments that covered them completely from head to foot. These satisfied the demands of modesty, but they must have been extremely uncomfortable for swimming. Even thus decently covered, women were not supposed to show themselves on the beach while in bathing attire(浴衣). They had to wait their turn for a bathing machine, a sort of wooden cabin on wheels which was drawn right down to the waters edge by horses. On its seaward side a sort of hood or canopy(罩盖) stretched outwards and downwards over the water, completely hiding the bather until she was actually in the sea, There was a bathing woman in attendance, part of whose duty was to dip, in other words, to seize the bather as soon as she emerged and dip her forcibly under water two or three times. This was supposed to be for the benefit of her health, and no doubt it was all right in the hands of the gentle. But most bathing women were the reverse of gentle, and to be dipped by them must have been a strenuous form of exercise.Women wore uncomfortable bathing clothes because_.Ait protected them from the coldBit was considered bad manners to show any fleshCit made it easier to swimDit covered them from head to foot 11.How to Do Well In Exam Do not underestimated(低估) the power of revision in the days and hours before and examination. The closer you are to the exam, the more chance you have of storing and retaining crucial information. But do not overdo it._(46). An effective daily routine can help you through an exam period, so in the days leading up to your first exam, get into the habit of being up and ready to work by game. It can be a shock to the system after months of working to your own timetable to be mentally alert at that time if you have not prepared for it. On the day of the exam, have a good breakfast, pack two of everything you need ( pens, pencils, erasers, etc. ) ,then make your way to the examination hall in good time._(47). Once in your seat, simply pause for a few seconds and collect your thoughts. Close your eyes and take in a few slow, deep breaths to help you relax. When you turn over the test paper, spend a short period reading through all the instructions and questions, paying particular attention to key verbs such as "discuss", "compare" and "evaluate". _(48). It is always wise to allow 10 minutes at the end of the exam to give yourself time to go back over your answers. Once you have selected the questions you wish to tackle, begin by attempting the one you think is your strongest. It will give you more confidence when you see a well-answered question down on paper. Also remember to write clearly, and do not be afraid to express the unexpected: after all, examiners can get very bored marking stereotypical(千篇一律的) answers. _(49). If you do need something else to focus on to help you collect your thoughts, choose a fixture(固定设施) in the room, such as the ceilingor anything else that will not allow you to be distracted. Finally, once you have finished, never hang around outside afterwards to attend the discussion by other students._( 50 ) .A. Try not to be tempted to look at those around you, or at the clock.B. When you get home, read the examination paper through and look up the words you didnt understand.C. Sleep, exercise and relaxation are all just as important.D. Map out a quick plan of points you wish to make and how much time you should spend on each question.E. Go and have a well-earned restthen prepare for your next exam.F. Do not arrive too early, though, as other peoples anxiety can be contagious(传染性的), and you may suffer from undue panic. 12.United Nations A major segment of the Untied Nations is the General Assembly, which consists of representatives from all governments that have ratified the UN Charter. As of 1995,185 states had membership in the general Assembly. Additionally, the Vatican, Switzerland, and the Palestine Liberation Organization have nonvoting observer status in the General Assembly. The General Assembly approves the UNs budget, acts with the Security Council to select the Secretary-general and judges of the International Court of Justice, and passes resolutions on issues ranging from self-determination and colonialism to womens rights and the global distribution of wealth. The General Assembly can meet and vote on any subject, unless the Security Council is dealing with it (or at least pretending to). However, its decisions only carry moral forceunlike the Councils. Theyre not binding in international laws. But the Assembly votes are an important opinion poll on how and what the majority of the world thinks about issues. " Important questions" need a two-thirds vote of the Assembly to pass. The question of what is an important question isnt important. Its decided by the delegates themselvesby a simple majority. Although the General Assembly has not recognized authority to enforce its conclusions on anything other than internal UN matters, it makes its viewpoints on issues that are brought before it is known in one of the three ways. A General Assembly declaration is a broad statement of general principle such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, passed in 1948. Declarations are often put forward as an expression of an ideal, in practice they are regularly ignored. A General Assembly resolution is essentially a document that recommends that member states take a particular policy action. States claim sovereignty and make their own decisions as to whether they will follow a General Assembly resolution. In some cases, however, if many states implement a particular resolution, other states that may not wish to act on the resolution may feel themselves pressured to do so anyway. At the very least, a resolution has the effect of legitimizing the policies of those states that wish to comply with the resolution. Finally, a General Assembly convention, or treaty, has two meanings. The more comprehensive convention refers to multilateral treaties voted on by the General Assembly that, upon passage by the General Assembly, are carried back to the capitals of member states for ratification by whatever means each state uses domestically. In other cases, a General Assembly convention refers specifically to a treaty signed between the United Nations and the government of a nation-state, as when in 1956 Egypt agreed to allow United Nations peacekeeping forces to enter Egyptian territory.The General Assembly is responsible for dealing with the international matters.ARightBWrongCNot Mentioned 13.The Central Dogma Though it comes as no surprise that the composition of DNA between different organisms is different, it is not immediately obvious why the muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells of any one particular vertebrate(脊椎动物) are so different in their structure and composition when the DNA of every one of their cells is identical. This is the key to one of the most exciting areas of modern cell biology. In different cell types, different sets of the total number of genes (genome) (基因组) are expressed. In other words, different regions of the DNA are "active" in the muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells. To understand how this difference in DNA activity can lead to differences in cell structure and composition, it is necessary to consider what is often known as the central dogma(法则) of molecular biology: "DNA makes RNA make protein. " In molecular terms, a gene is that portion of DNA that encodes for a single protein. The dictum" one gene makes one protein" has required some modification(改变) with the discovery that some proteins are composed of several different polypeptide(多肽) chains, but the "one gene makes one polypeptide" rule does hold. DNA Contains the Blueprint for All Cell Proteins. Messenger RNA is a precise copy (transcript) of the coded sequence of nucleic acid bases in DNA, and this message is translated into a unique protein molecule on specialist organelles (ribo-somes) present in the cytoplasm(细胞质) of all cells. Proteins(蛋白质), which are largely made up of carbon(C) ,hydrogen(H), oxygen(O) ,and nitrogen(N) ,are constructed from 20 different, common amino acids. The versatility of proteins, the workhorse molecules of the cell, stems from the immense variety of molecular shapes that can be created, by linking amino acids together in different sequences. The smaller proteins consist of only a few dozen amino acids, whereas the larger ones may contain in excess of 200 amino acids, all linked together in a linear(线状的) chain by peptide bonds. As the proteins are released from the ribosome(核糖体) ,they fold into unique shapes, under the influence of chemical forces that depend on the particular sequence of amino acids. So the protein primary sequence , encoded in the gene and faithfully transcribed and translated into an amino acid chain, determines the three-dimensional structure of the emerging molecule. The human body possesses some 30 000 different kinds of proteins and several million copies of many of these. Each plays a specific rolefor example, hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood, actin(肌动蛋白) and myosin(肌球蛋白) interact to generate muscle movement, and acetylcholine (乙酸胆碱) receptor molecules mediate chemical transmission between nerve and muscle cells. EnzymesProtein Biocatalysts An essential group of proteinsthe enzymes (酵素)act as biological catalysts (催化剂) and regulate all aspects of cell metabolism (新陈代谢). They enable breakdown of high-energy food molecules (carbohydrates) to provide energy for biological reactions, and they control the synthetic pathways that result in the generation of lipids(e.g., fats, cholesterol(胆固醇), and other vital membrane(膜) components), carbohydrates (碳水化合物) (sugars, starch (淀粉) , and cellulose (纤维素) , the key components of plant cell walls) ,and many vital small biomolecules essential for cell function.The best title of this passage is_.ADongma, DNA and EnzymesBDogma, Proteins and BiocatalystCDNA, Proteins and BiocatalystDDNA, Proteins and Enzymes 14.On the Train The night train from Glasgow was so crowded that Donald, who was on his way to London to find a temporary job for the university vacation, wished that he had decided to travel by day. He had never been so hard up. He got on the train and walked along the corridor of the second-class compartments. He couldnt find a seat anywhere. He could not afford to travel first class, and he did not want to stand in the corridor. Neither did he wa