中考英语复习课件_阅读理解.ppt

The skills of reading comprehension 得阅读者得得阅读者得天下天下一、中考阅读理解题的命题新特点一、中考阅读理解题的命题新特点 1、阅读材料的篇幅逐渐加长阅读材料的篇幅逐渐加长。 原来阅读材料的字数通常在原来阅读材料的字数通常在200300个单词之间，但近几个单词之间，但近几年的中考题中，有的文章的字数已增至年的中考题中，有的文章的字数已增至350400，这表明阅，这表明阅读的信息量和理解上的难度在逐渐加大。读的信息量和理解上的难度在逐渐加大。 2、选材广泛，具有浓厚的时代气息选材广泛，具有浓厚的时代气息,知识性强知识性强。 阅读材料涉及科普、环保、文化教育、体育卫生、新闻时阅读材料涉及科普、环保、文化教育、体育卫生、新闻时事、广告宣传、社会生活、影视明星、名人轶事等。重视社事、广告宣传、社会生活、影视明星、名人轶事等。重视社会热点问题，具有浓厚的时代气息是近几年的中考阅读理解会热点问题，具有浓厚的时代气息是近几年的中考阅读理解题的最大特点。题的最大特点。 3、题型多为题型多为选择型选择型。选择题加上采用。选择题加上采用任务型阅读理解，提高任务型阅读理解，提高能力考查。能力考查。 4、语篇逻辑性强，试题设计适当，干扰项设置水平高语篇逻辑性强，试题设计适当，干扰项设置水平高。短文。短文语语段生动活泼段生动活泼，语句富于变化，试题设计更符合考生的认知，语句富于变化，试题设计更符合考生的认知水平，更有利于考查学生的阅读能力。水平，更有利于考查学生的阅读能力。二、中考阅读理解的题材和体裁二、中考阅读理解的题材和体裁 题材广泛题材广泛 体裁多样体裁多样 1、文章内容的社会实用性越来越强，更趋、文章内容的社会实用性越来越强，更趋于信息化、时代化、生活化和知识化，涉于信息化、时代化、生活化和知识化，涉及新闻、广告、科普、医疗、教育等诸多及新闻、广告、科普、医疗、教育等诸多领域的实效信息。领域的实效信息。 2、文章体裁多样，包括、文章体裁多样，包括记叙文记叙文（故事、人（故事、人物小传、史地知识介绍等）、物小传、史地知识介绍等）、说明文说明文（科（科普文章、说明书等）、普文章、说明书等）、议论文议论文（有关政治、（有关政治、经济、社会各方面的论述）、经济、社会各方面的论述）、应用文应用文（新（新闻报道、书信、广告、通知、节目表等）、闻报道、书信、广告、通知、节目表等）、说理的小品文说理的小品文等。等。三、中考阅读理解题的命题原则三、中考阅读理解题的命题原则 1、考查学生在阅读中、考查学生在阅读中准确捕获信息准确捕获信息的能力。这就要的能力。这就要求学生通过阅读短文，运用自己所学的语法、词汇、求学生通过阅读短文，运用自己所学的语法、词汇、短语等方面的语言知识，根据自己的理解，掌握所短语等方面的语言知识，根据自己的理解，掌握所读材料的主旨和大意以及用以说明主旨和大意的事读材料的主旨和大意以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和情节，能回答短文后面所给的问题。实和情节，能回答短文后面所给的问题。 2、要求学生既能、要求学生既能理解具体的事实理解具体的事实，也能，也能理解抽象的理解抽象的概念概念；既；既理解文章的表层意思理解文章的表层意思，也，也理解文章的深层理解文章的深层含义含义，这其中包括作者的态度、意图等，这其中包括作者的态度、意图等“弦外之弦外之音音”。 3、要求学生既理解某句、某段的意义，也理解全篇、要求学生既理解某句、某段的意义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断推理和判断。 4、要求学生既能根据材料提供的信息去理解，也能、要求学生既能根据材料提供的信息去理解，也能结合自己应有的常识去判断结合自己应有的常识去判断,把握中心把握中心的能力。的能力。四、阅读理解解题步骤四、阅读理解解题步骤 一初读文章一初读文章注意首末段原则，首末句原则，注意首末段原则，首末句原则，了解了解文章论述的主要内容以及文章论述的主要内容以及作者的态度。作者的态度。二读文章找依二读文章找依据据初定答案初定答案;三看文章找细节三看文章找细节推敲答案推敲答案;四读文四读文章章终定答案终定答案。这。这“四步法四步法”综合了综合了略读、跳读、找略读、跳读、找读和查读读和查读等阅读技巧。在第一遍阅读时，可用略读或跳等阅读技巧。在第一遍阅读时，可用略读或跳读的方式阅读全文，不必注意细节或具体事实，只求对读的方式阅读全文，不必注意细节或具体事实，只求对文章有一个总体印象，了解中心思想和作者的基本观点，文章有一个总体印象，了解中心思想和作者的基本观点，记住文中的信息方位。浏览题目后，再读文章要带着题记住文中的信息方位。浏览题目后，再读文章要带着题目有的放矢地在文中圈圈划划、做标记，查找解答题目目有的放矢地在文中圈圈划划、做标记，查找解答题目的依据，避免毫无目的地通读文章，许多局部性题目都的依据，避免毫无目的地通读文章，许多局部性题目都可以通过原文中的一两句话直接找到答案。第三、第四可以通过原文中的一两句话直接找到答案。第三、第四次阅读主要是定夺答案。次阅读主要是定夺答案。 五、阅读理解题目的设置方式五、阅读理解题目的设置方式 1、细节理解型、细节理解型 这种题目比较简单，一般针对某个特定的细节提问，属这种题目比较简单，一般针对某个特定的细节提问，属表层信息理解表层信息理解试题。只要通读全文，了解文中所述的重试题。只要通读全文，了解文中所述的重要事实或细节，就可以直接或间接找出答案依据。细节要事实或细节，就可以直接或间接找出答案依据。细节题的主要提问方式如下：题的主要提问方式如下： （1）Which of the following is right? (2) Which of the following is NOT mentioned? (3) Which of the following is NOT true in the passage? (4) From this passage we know_. (5) The author mentions all of the following except_. (6) The author states that_. (7) According to the passage, when/where/why/how/who/.?1.He / she should have an interest in making pizza. More importantly, he/ she should have work experience in a restaurant.试题试题: The ad tells us that_A.The assistant must be a man.B.The assistant must have once worked in a restaurant.C. Pucci pizza has branches all over China.1 查找事实、细节型查找事实、细节型B2. In the past, there were forests all around the lake, so rainwater was clean.试题试题 In the past, the lake was surrounded(环绕环绕)by_.A.fish B. rain C. birds D. treesD3.Escaping a fire is a serious matter. Knowing what to do during a fire can save your life. It is important to know the ways you can use and show them to everyone in the family, such as stairways and fire escapes, but not lifts.试题：试题： Which of the following escaping ways is NOT right？ A. You can escape through stairways. B. You can choose fire escapes. C. Escape from the windows that open onto a roof. D. Use a lift come down at once.D4. Can you find a ring in an egg? But Liu Qian, a well-know magician from Taiwan, found it in front of the audiences at 2009CCTV Spring Festival Gala. He was born in 1976.试题：试题： Where was Liu Qian born? A. In Liaoning Province B. In Beijing C. In Hong Kong D. In TaiwanD 2、 逻辑推理判断型逻辑推理判断型 这种题目有一定难度，往往不能直接从文中找到答这种题目有一定难度，往往不能直接从文中找到答案，而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系，在对整篇文案，而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系，在对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。有时还要联系作者章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。有时还要联系作者的写作意图、态度等弦外之音，文外之意加以推理，才的写作意图、态度等弦外之音，文外之意加以推理，才能获得正确答案。推理判断题的主要提问方式如下：能获得正确答案。推理判断题的主要提问方式如下：（1）We can guess the writer of the letter may be a _.（2）We can infer from the passage/article that _.（3）From the story/passage we can know/guess_.（4）What would happy if _?（5）How did the writer feel _?（6）The writer believes that _.（7）The writer suggests that _.五、阅读理解题目的设置方式五、阅读理解题目的设置方式1） 根据常识判断根据常识判断 One day we invited some friends to dinner. When it was about ten oclock, my wife found that we had little bread. So she asked our five-year-old daughter, Kathy, to buy some. 试题：试题：One day, Kathys parents invited some friends to_. A.have breakfast B. have lunch C. have supper D. have a party.B2) 根据计算判断根据计算判断 If everyone sets their air- condition at 26,Beijing will save 400 million kilowatt-hours千瓦时千瓦时 of electricity in one summer. Thats one-third of all the usage of the city in the season,” said a TV advertisement. 试题：试题： Beijing will use_ million kilowatt-hours electricity in one summer. A. 1200 B. 800 C. 400 D.1600A3) 根据上下文理解判断The next morning, Dad was in the kitchen when Kathy got up. “Notice anything, Dad?” she asked. He looked around and listened, “Something is missing I cant find out what it is Wait, its too quiet in here.” “Thats right,” Kathy said, “Something is missing. I fixed the water tap. It doesnt leak any more.” “Thats my girl,” Dad said. “Its a good thing you are really like your mother. ” 试题试题: From the passage we know that Kathy is a(n) _ girl. A. funny B. able C. honest D. lazyB 此类题目主要针对文章的主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次（主此类题目主要针对文章的主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次（主题句或主题段），要求在理解全文的基础上归纳短文要点，概括题句或主题段），要求在理解全文的基础上归纳短文要点，概括中心思想。解答此类题目时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取中心思想。解答此类题目时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，如涉及文章的标题、主题、结论、结局等，需细读短文，抓义，如涉及文章的标题、主题、结论、结局等，需细读短文，抓住主要意思，并获取文章中的隐含信息。主旨大意题常用提问方住主要意思，并获取文章中的隐含信息。主旨大意题常用提问方式：式：（1）According to the passage, we know that_（2）The title of the passage can be_.（3）The writer tries to tell us_.（4）From the story we can see/ learn / say_（5）The main idea /point of this passage is_.（6）What is this passage about?（7）Whats the best title of this passage? (8) The purpose of the writer in writing this passage is_.五、阅读理解题目的设置方式五、阅读理解题目的设置方式3. 归纳主旨型归纳主旨型1 、 Waste can be seen everywhere in the school. Some students ask for more food than they eat and others often forget to turn off the lights when they leave the classroom. They say they can afford these things. But I dont agree with them. Waste can bring a lot of problemEverybody should stop wasting as soon as possible.试题：试题：Which is best title of this passage? A. Stop Wasting B. School Life C. Waste in the school D. Rich Resources in ChinaA2、 Happiness is important for everyone. Most people want to be happy but few know how to find happiness. Money and success dont bring lasting happiness. Happiness depends on ourselves. Now maybe you know how to find happiness.试题：试题：The passage mainly tells us_. A. how to find happiness B. how to save happiness C. to do something good for others D. to value our beliefs or healthA五、阅读理解题目的设置方式五、阅读理解题目的设置方式4.理解词句含义型理解词句含义型 考查内容多为名词、动词、词组甚至句子。英语中很多单词和考查内容多为名词、动词、词组甚至句子。英语中很多单词和词组在不同的语言环境中有着不同的内涵，掌握大量单词和习语词组在不同的语言环境中有着不同的内涵，掌握大量单词和习语是重要的，但语言是活的东西，做这类题时，考生应尽可能通过是重要的，但语言是活的东西，做这类题时，考生应尽可能通过上下文猜测词义，即利用所熟悉的词或短语和上下文已知的部分上下文猜测词义，即利用所熟悉的词或短语和上下文已知的部分来进行合理推理，有时还需要依据常识和经验。来进行合理推理，有时还需要依据常识和经验。 （1）The word “” in the passage probably means_.（2）The underlined word “” in the passage refers to _.（3）In the story the underlined word “” means_.（4）Here “” means_. （5） “” could best be replaced by which of the following ?（6）The expression/phrase “” means_. （7）The word “”is close in meaning to _.1、In many places we live in, the winter months often seem dark and dreary. When spring comes late March, the world becomes colorful.试题：试题：According to the passage, the underline word “dreary” means “_”in Chinese. A. 沉闷的沉闷的 B.暖和的暖和的 C. 晴朗的晴朗的 D. 明亮的明亮的2、We know the mosquito very well. Mosquitoes fly everywhere. They can be found almost all over the world, and there are more than 2,500 kinds of themIts true that male mosquito doesnt bite and only the female mosquito bites because she needs blood to lay eggs.试题：试题：In the passage, “mosquito” means _ in Chinese. A. 苍蝇苍蝇 B.蜻蜓蜻蜓 C. 跳蚤跳蚤 D. 蚊子蚊子AD3、 Now there are many houses around the lake. people often use chemicals in their gardens. They use other chemicals inside their houses for cleaning or killing insects (昆虫昆虫). There are also many businessmen. Businessmen use chemicals in their machines or shops. “Chemical” in the story means_. A. 化学家化学家 B 污染品污染品 C 药品药品 D. 化学制品化学制品D 4、 But now I have a serious problem: the Internet problem. My little son is sixteen, and I feel he should do a lot of homework now, but he doesnt seem to be interested in it. He can happily spend six or eight hours at a time on the Internet every day . He chats with people that he has never met before, but speaks little to us. He does lots of useless things on the Internet. And he sees red if you ask him to do his homework. 试题：试题：What does the phrase “he sees red” mean in this passage?A.He feels sorry B. He feels happy C. He becomes frightened D. He becomes angryDThe ways of guessing the new words in context:A. 利用构词法进行猜测利用构词法进行猜测1. 根据单词的前缀与后缀进行猜词。如，根据单词的前缀与后缀进行猜词。如，care(小心小心) careful(小心的小心的) carefully (小心地小心地); write(写写) rewrite (改写改写)。 un- ; dis-;-less : ; mis-: ;re-: -ern:-er ,-or, -ist : ;2. 根据根据“合成词合成词”猜测。猜测。 如如school + bag schoolbag down+stairs downstairs不无错误再,重复,重新表方向表示人have a try1.rebuild2.modernize3.man-made4.unsafe 5.misunderstandingA.不安全的B.误解C.重建D.现代化E.人造的表示因果关系的表示因果关系的：because, as, since, for, so, as a result表示同义关系的表示同义关系的：and, like, just as表示反义关系的表示反义关系的： but, however, though, although, yet, instead (of)等等。(1)根据关联词猜词根据关联词猜词B.根据上下文猜测根据上下文猜测1.I could see nothing because the light was so faint 2.Tom is very rude, but his brother is quite elegant.3. She is not beautiful, and her daughter is as ugly as her.(昏暗的）昏暗的）(优雅优雅/高雅的高雅的)(丑的丑的)Challenge 1常用的：be, be called, mean或破折或破折号或定语从句号或定语从句等来表示。1.Why does jogging - running slowly become so popular.(2).根据定义、释义、举例或 复述猜词2. A bully is more than just a mean (卑鄙的) kid.3.Jane is warm-hearted, she likes to help others.(慢跑慢跑)(以强凌弱的人以强凌弱的人/恶霸恶霸)(热心的热心的)(3).根据生活经验及普通常识猜词1.China is our motherland. 2.Kangaroo mothers have pouches to carry their babies. 3.Its really cold outside, and my hands are both numb.(祖国祖国)(育儿袋育儿袋)(冻僵了的冻僵了的,麻木的麻木的,失去知觉的失去知觉的) 1. A lot of the worlds natural resources like oil come from poor countries. A. 环境环境 B. 资源资源 C. . 汽油汽油2. The old man put on his spectacles and began to read. A. 帽子帽子 B. 雨鞋雨鞋 C. . 眼镜眼镜3. My mom was a little heavy. And I was almost as plump as my mom. A. 丰满的丰满的 B. 苗条的苗条的 C. . 强壮的强壮的4. Children have schoolbags with two straps to carry them. A. 口袋口袋 B. 肩带肩带 C. . 纽扣纽扣2. Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to your health. 4. The boy had a happy family before. However, after the war, he had to uproot himself.(背景离乡背景离乡)1. Wealthy means having lots of money. 5. You must stop dreaming and face reality.(富裕的，有钱的）富裕的，有钱的）(有害的有害的)(现实现实)3. My mother-in-law, my husbands mother, was a teacher.(婆婆婆婆)请同学们记住：请同学们记住：1 无中生有不能选；无中生有不能选；2. 张冠李戴不能选；张冠李戴不能选；3. 范围太宽不能选；范围太宽不能选；4. 以偏概全不可选；以偏概全不可选；5. 绝对化说法不能选；（绝对化说法不能选；（all. everyone，right）6. 合理选项不一定是正确选项，要看原文有没有；合理选项不一定是正确选项，要看原文有没有；7. 正确答案要么是原句，要么是原文中的同义句正确答案要么是原句，要么是原文中的同义句.