2022年初一英语语法.docx
精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载现在完成时中 “ since ”和“ for ”的区分1) since +过去一个时间点 past six);(如详细的年、 月、日期、 钟点、 1980, last month, half I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间 + ago I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +从句 Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is + 一段时间 + since 从句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for 用来说明动作连续时间长度;I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born. My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time. for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时;留意:并非有I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作;)I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作;)小窍门:当现在完成时+一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很简洁就能排除非连续动词在完成时中的误使;1)(对)Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2)(错)Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago , and is still getting married now. 明显,其次句不对, 它应改为Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years. 声音: sound,noise 与 voice 的区分sound 表示听起来像 和 like 连用,如:Its sounds like a bird. 听起来像鸟在叫;voice 表示嗓音,说他的嗓音很动听,用 his voice was good. noise 是杂音,响动的意思;如:我听到有动静;I heard a noise . 这是一组与 “ 声音 ” 有关的名词,在使用上有区分;sound 泛指 自然界各种各样的声音,不论其高低、是否动听等;如: I heard the sound of running water. 我听见流水声;Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播得快;名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 43 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载noise 表示 “噪音、热闹 ” ,指的是人们不愿听到的声音或嘈杂声;它可以作可数名词,也可以用作不行数名词;如:I heard some strange noises last night. 昨夜我听见一些古怪的响声;There's a lot of noise here. 这个地方人声嘈杂;voice 用于人时,指说话、唱歌或发笑的声音,也可指发言权;用于其它方面时,常含动听之声,如鸟鸣声,乐器声音等;如:Please speak in a louder voice. 请大声说;说: tell ,speak, say,talk 的区分tell 意为 “告知、 表达 ” ,指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或表达一件事;tell sb sth 意为 “ 告知某人某事 ”; tell sb to do sth 意为 “告知某人去做某事”;speak 意为 “ 说话、 讲话 ” ,后面主要接语言; speak to 意为 “ 和.讲话、 谈话 ”; speak of 意为 “提到、说起 ”; speak to sb about sth talk 意为 “ 谈话、讲话 ” ,假如只有一方对另一方说话时,一般用 talk to ;假如双方或多方交谈,多用 with ;talk about 意为 “ 谈论 .; have a talk with 意为 “ 与.交谈 ”;say 意为 “ 说”; say sth to sb 意为 “ 对.说”; It is said that. 意为 “ 据说 ” ; 第一是 say:之后要有说的内容,如 He said nothing. say一般作及物动词用,着重说话的内容,它的宾语可以是名词,代词或宾语从句;eg: He can say his name. 他会说他的名字;Please say it in English. 请用英语用;Shes saying ,Dont draw on the wall. 她在说 “ 别在墙上画 ”; speak 强调说的动作,不强调所说的内容 作不及物动词时,常见的搭配形式有:;作及物动词时,常以某种语言作宾语;speak of something/somebody 谈到某事(某人)speak to sb 跟某 人讲话,此外 speak仍可用于在较为正式的场合了表演讲或演说;Can you speak Japanese. 你会说日语吗?She is speaking to her teacher. 她正在跟她的老师说话;He spoke at the meeting yesterday. 他昨天在会上讲了话; talk 一般为不及物动词,意思是“ 交谈,谈话,着重强调两具之间的相互说话;eg: She is talking with Lucy in English. 她正在和露茜用英语交谈;What are you talking about. 你们在谈论什么?The teacher is talking to him. 老师正在和他谈话; tell 常作及物动词,意为“ 表达,告知,动词常跟双宾语;tell sb sthtell sth to sb 告知某人某事;eg: He is telling the children a story. 他正在给孩子们讲一个故事;Did you tell her the news. Did you tell the news to her. 你把这个消息告知她了吗?used to 与 be used to (1)used to + do:"过去常常 "表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在;Mother used not to be so forgetful. Scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常漫步)名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 43 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载(2)be used to + doing : 对 已感到习惯,或 词;He is used to a vegetarian diet. "习惯于 ",to 是介词,后需加名词或动名Scarf is used to taking a walk. (现在习惯于漫步)将要: be to 和 be going to be to 表示客观支配或受人指示而做某事;be going to 表示主观的准备或方案;I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观支配)I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观支配)twice 、 two times 关于 A runs twice faster than B 这个的翻译,现在都仍存在争议;有的人认为是 A 的速度是 B 的 2 倍,有人认为是A 比 B 快 2 倍 =A 是 B 的 3 倍;“A + be + 倍数 + as + 计量形容词原级+ as + B;表示 A 是 B 的 N 倍;1.This tree is three times as tall as that one.这棵树是那棵树的三倍高;2.His father is twice as old as he. 他父亲的年纪有他两倍大;两倍用 twice ,不用 two times. 留意:两倍一般都用 twice, 不用 two times 例如:This tree is twice higher than that one. =This tree is twice as high as that one. =This tree is twice the height of that one. 倍数 +比较级 + than .= 倍数 + as + 形容词原形 +as .= 倍数 +the +形容词所对应的名 词 + of . other、 another、others、 the other (1)other 后既可接可数名词复数形式又可接不行数名词,如:可数,other pencils 其 它的铅笔, other students 其他的同学; 不行数 other tea 别的 /其它的茶, other information 别的/其它消息;any other 其他一切的什么 (2)the other 定指其它的 ,其后可接可数名词和单数,如:the other book 另外的一本书,the other map 另一张地图,其后也可跟可数名词的复数形式,如:the other flowers 其他的花朵, the other teachers 其它的老师们,仍可以接不行数名词,如: the other water 剩下的水, the other beer 别的啤酒other 表 “另外的 ”接复数名词, 如与详细数词连用,就置于数词之后, 如:two other boys;但与定冠词the 连用时, other 要放在数词前;如:the other two boys Tony is going camping with _C_boys next Sunday 托尼将于下周日与另外两个男孩一起 去野营;Alittle two other B two little other Ctwo other little D little other two Mr Smith asked me to fetch three other recorders 史密斯先生让我再拿三台录音机来;(3)others 其用法相当于复数名词,此词不能用作定语,表示的意思是 “ 不详细的某些东西 ”,如:名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 43 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载This chemical is poisonous . Others are poisonous , too . ( others = other chemicals )但是假如 others 前用了 the ,就表示详细的别的东西;如:I don t want these books . Please give me the others .( the others = the other books (4)another,作形容词时, 是指在原有的基础上再加一(些) ,表示 “再一(些)” 或“ 另外一个(些) ” 的意思;another 仍可作代词,意思与作形容词时一样;another+数词 =数词 +more eg:another one = one more I want another apple I want one more apple 习惯用法: one another from one to another the other day = a few days ago every other day/ week/year some , others如: I met Mr. Smith in the park the other day. Smith 先生;前几天我在公园里碰见了While at the university , he went to the library every other day. 在高校时他每隔一天去图书馆一次;Some people like football , others like volleyball. 有些人宠爱足球,有些人宠爱排球;They are very different from one another. 他们相互之间差别很大;When Americans moved from one place to another , they took their dialects with them. 当美国人从一个地方迁移到另一个地方时,花费: pay、spend、cost、take Sb pay some money for sth.(人做主语,结构是 pay .for) Sb spent some money on sth 或 sb spend some money (in) doing sth (人做主语,结构为 spend on/spend in dong)Sth cost sb some money.(物做主语)It takes sb some time/money to do sth (形式主语 it )Eg:我花了五元钱买这本书 .(留意时态用过去时)I paid five yuan for the book. The book cost me five yuan. I spent fiveyuan on the book=I spent five yuan (in ) buying the book. It took me five yuan to buy the book cross、across、crossing、 through、over cross是动词 across是介词 crossing 是名词 across 指在物体的表面穿过 through 指在物体的空间穿过 over 指崇山峻岭上穿过名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 43 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载在 前面: in front of 、in the front of in front of 没有范畴限制,在整体外部的前面 in the front of 有肯定的范畴限制,在整体内部的前面 Eg:He sat in the front of the bus. (The bus 形成肯定的范畴)He sat in front of me. (无范畴)遗忘,遗忘: leave 与 forget leave+物+地点; leave 表示 “遗忘 ”,通常只用来表示“把某物忘在某地”; 例如:Could I use your English-Chinese dictionary. I left mine at home. 我可以借用一下你的英汉词典吗?我的忘在家里了;When I went to school, I left my books at home. 当我去上学时,我把我的书忘在家了;I left my book on the table. Don't leave me behind. forget+ 物,不能加地点; forget 的意思是 “ 遗忘;忘却 ”,遗忘某事或遗忘做某事;例如:I forgot mailing the letter. I forgot to mail the letter. 我遗忘了寄过这封信;(信已寄出)我遗忘寄这封信了;(信未寄出)美丽的: beautiful、handsome beautiful 指女性 handsome 指男性in hospital in the hostipal (在医院)这类词有很多,加the 不加 the 不一样in hospital 指生病住院 in the hospital 指在医院工作或去探视at table (在吃饭 =having meals) at the table 在座子旁边仅指位置携带,带: bring、take、carry、fetch bring 指带来 take 指带走 fetch 指去取回来 carry 指搬运重物some 确定句 already确定句 and 确定句 too 确定 /疑问句any 否定 /疑问句 yet 否定 /疑问句 or 否定 /疑问句 either 否定句good well 都有“好”之意 good 是形容词 well 是副词many much 都是“大量的 ” many+可数名词复数 much+不行数名词too many、too much、 much too 大量的,没有 many too 词组too many+ 可数名词复数 too much+ 不行数名词 much too+ 形容词、副词名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 43 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载每一个的: each、every each 可以和 of 连用 every 指三者以上的每一个,不能和 of 连用 both 指两者都 all 大于等于三者 eithe 指两者中的任意一个 neither 指两者中的一个也没有 none 指三者中的一个也没有find 找的结果see看的结果hear听的结果look for 找的动作 look at 看的动作 listen to 听的动作和: and、with And 是连词,能做并列主语with 是介词,不能做并列主语,谓语跟 期望: hopewish with 修饰的主语保持一样;hope 不能加人在加 to do,而 wish 可以 . hope to do=wish to do hope +that 从句 =wish+that 从句由于: because、because of because+句子 because of+短语到达: arrive、get to、reach arrive 不及物,到达某地要加介词 in/at in+大地方 at+小地方Stop to do stop doing 停止做某事(类似的词也很多)stop to do 指停止一件事情去做另一件事情stop doing 指停止正在做的事情put onwearindress put on 指穿的动作wear 指穿的状态in 是介词 in+ 颜色dress+人从前: ago-before ago 是过去时的标志before 是完成时的标志fewlittle a fewa little Few 表示否定 +可数名词复数 Little 表示否定 +不行数名词复数a few 表示确定 +可数名词复数 a little 表示确定 +不行数名词复数名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 43 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载整个的: whole、all whole 用在 the 之后 all 用在 the 之前借: borrow-lend borrow 指借入,规章动词,过去式,过去分词:from sb lend 是借出,不规章动词,过去式,过去分词:sb sth(通常跟双宾)单独的: alone、lonely borrowed ,borrowed,常用于 borrow sth lent,lent;常用短语: lend sth to sb lend alone 单独并不孤独 , 主要强调目前是一个人的状况,没有同伴;lonely 单独仍有情感上的孤独,主要强调孤独、孤寂的感觉;I'm alone. 表示我现在是一个人,但是不肯定觉得孤独,可能我在看电视或者什么的,觉得很不错;I'm lonely. 表示我很孤独,或许身边有不少伴侣,但是没有人懂得我,所以仍是会觉得 孤独;所以你可以说I live alone ,but i dont feel lonely. “ 我独自住着,但并不感到孤独!”如此: such、so so+形 +a/an+名= such+a/an+形+名;即: such+名词so+形容词 /副词;so 副词,意思是 “如此、这样 ” ,后面常接形容词或副词;such 形容词,意思是“如此、这样 ”,修饰名词,即可接可数名词,也可以接不行数名词;例如: It s such a fine day. It s so fine a day. so+many/much/few/little+ 形+名;假如复数名词前有 few,many 等形容词;不行数名词前有 little ,much 等形容词,就必须用 so,而不能用 such,例如:The camel had such a long neck. 骆驼长着那样长的脖子;Dont make so much noise. 别那么大声嚷嚷;such+形+不行数名词 /可数名词复数除了,除 之外: except、beside except 指在整体中除去一部分beside 指除 之外仍有 真实的: true、real true 指正确与错误;real 指真假be made of、be made from、be made in、be made by be made up of 由 构成,由 组成be made of 由 .构成 能看出原材料来(衣服类的全部用 be made of)be made from 由 . 构成 看不出原材料 be made in+地点 be made by+人be made into 被制成 .名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 43 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载in the way、on the way、by the way in the way 挡道,阻碍on the way 在 的路上by theway 顺便问一下be good for、be good at be good for 对 有益be good at 善于 =do well insome time、some times、sometime、sometimes some time 将来的某段时间,将来的某一天;或者是,一些时间的意思,给我一些时间 一段时间;提问:When will you. some times 很多次,是 once twice 的累加;提问:How many times do you. sometime a. 以前的,某一时间;ad. 改天,来日;提问:When did you. sometimes ad. 有时 =at times,是一般现在时的标识;提问用 How often do you. 例句与用法 : After the explosion it was some time before the town resumed its everyday routines. 爆炸后经过相当一段时间,这个城镇才复原了正常的生活秩序;After we had haggled for some time , we decided to the bargain, and Jones bought the cloth for50 pence per yard. 我们在价钱上争辩了半天,最终打算,琼斯以每码50 便士买下了这批布;I'm sorry to trouble you , but I wondered if we could have a word some time. 很遗憾要打搅你一下,我想问问我们什么时候能聊聊;Everyone should invest some time in community service. 每个人都应当花些时间在社区服务上;It took me some time to digest what I had heard. 我花了一些时间才把听到的东西弄明白;These ideas have been in circulation for some time. 这些想法已经流行了一段时间;He is my sometime boss. 他是我从前的上司;I hope to see you again sometime next year. 我期望明年某一时候再见到你;Let's get together sometime. 有时间我们聚一下吧;Sometimes the patient cried for the pain. 有时这个病人疼得哭起来;Sometimes I go by car. 有时我坐汽车去 . Sometimes we went to the beach and at other times we sunbathed on the patio. 我们有时去海滩,有时在院子里做日光浴. 更远的: fartherfurther 名师归纳总结 farther 指距离上的远近further 指程度上的第 8 页,共 43 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载更年长的: olderelder older 纯指年龄上大小 elder 含指长幼辈份关系a number of,the number of a number of 很多,谓语动词用复数 the number of 的总数, 的数目,谓语动词用单数none,no one,nothing none(强调有多少)与 all 是反义词,用how many 提问nothing 与 no one 强调没有 nothing 指物,用 what 提问;no one 指人,用 who 提问快的: fast 与 quick fast 指速度快,形副同形 quick 指时间上快 副词是 quickly 参与: join join in 、take part in join sb ,join in+ 党派,团体 take part in+大型的活动,运动famous的用法be famous as 作为 而出名 a writer be famous for 由于 .而闻名 her beauty be famous to 在.的人群中闻名 sb. work 的用法work on sth. 就有 “直接平面接触 ”地作用于宾语,详细地转变宾语的状态的意思;work at sth. 就没有那么详细直接,它只表示“ 点存在 ” ,work at 从事,致力于 work for 为 做事,为 尽力,被 雇佣者 work out 可以解决,设计出,算出,运算出,消耗完,挤出去 work in 引进,协作 work as 作为 .的工作名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 43 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载英语中介词的用法 时间或地点介词 in、on、at 的用法区分:表示时间时,in 表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中就表示在一段时间之后),on 表示在详细的某一天或者某天的上下午等,at表示在某个时刻或者瞬时;表示地点时,in 表示在某个范畴之内,on 表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at 就表示在某个详细的场所或地点;如:He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他诞生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7 :00 in the morning. (我通常在早上的七点钟起床)/ His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在电影院) after 与 in 表示时间的用法区分:“ after+(详细时刻 /从句) ”表示 “在 时刻之后 ” 常用于一般时态;“ in+(一段时间) ” 表示 “在(多久)之后 ” ,常用于将来时态;如:He said that he would be here after 6:00.(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month. (我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来) since 与 for 表示时间的用法区分:“ since+(详细时刻 /that-从句) ”表示 “ 自从 起一直到现在 ”,“ for +(一段斶间) ”表示 “总共有 之久 ”,都常用于完成时态;如:Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970. (李叔叔自从 1970 年起就在这家工厂工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了 30 多年) by、in 与 with 表示方式的用法区分:都可以表示 “ 工具、手段 ”,但是 by 主要表示 “ 乘坐” 某个交通工具或“ 以 方式 ” ,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;in 表示 “ 使用 ”某种语言 /文字, with 表示 “使用 ”某个详细的工具、手段;如:We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/ Please write that article(文章)in English. (请你用英语写那篇文章)/ Let s go to the zoo by taxi.(我们打的去动物园吧;)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的) about 与 on 的用法区分:都可以表示“有关 ” ,但是 about 的意义比较广,而 on 主要表示 “有关 (专题 /课程) ”;如: Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.(汤姆要作一个美国历史的报告)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他们津津有味地谈论着即将来到的野外旅行) through 与 across、over 的用法区分:through 指 “穿过 (门洞 /人群 /树林)”; across和 over 可以指 “跨过 (街道 /河流) ”,可互换,但是表示“ 翻过 ” 时只能用 over. 如: Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那时一只老鼠跑过路面)/ There is a bridge across/over