2022年《英美国家概况》终极笔记中英文对照版.docx

名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -新版 “英语国家概况 ” 精讲笔记Chapter 1 第一章 Land and People 英国的国土与人民 I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1. Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰；2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国；3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain the larger one and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 成；不列颠群岛由两个大岛大不列颠岛 （较大的一个） 和爱尔兰岛, 及成千上万个小岛组4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士；1 England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区；2 Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部；它有三大自然区： 北部高地, 中部低地及南部山陵；首府：爱丁堡；3 Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部；首府：加的夫 4 Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域；首府：贝尔法斯特；5. The Commonwealth of nations is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体；50 个成员国；Chapter 2 其次章它成立于 1931 年,至 1990 年止已有The Origins of a Nation 5000BC-1066 英国的起源（公元前 5000 年 1066 年）I. Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克尔特人的到来和定居 Celts were practiced famers. The drained much of marshlands and built houses of wood. They wre ironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celts languages, are the basis of the language which is still used by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism n. 德鲁伊教 . 克尔特人是有体会的农夫,他们排干沼泽地,用木材建造房屋；他们仍打 造铁器；苏格兰和威尔士语就是以他们的语言为基础进展而来的； 1、 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. 约公元前 700 年,克尔特人来到不列颠岛；2、The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮；The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC. 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页,共 40 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -第一次高潮是约公元前 600 年盖尔人的来临；The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC. 其次次高潮是约公元前 400 年布列吞人的抵达；The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC. 第三次是约公元前 150 年比利其人的到达；II. The Anglo-Saxons 446-871 盎格鲁 撒克逊人（公元 446871 年）1 Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons. 盎格鲁 萨克逊时代（奠定了英国的基础）In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy. 五世纪中叶,朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠；这是三支日耳曼（条顿）部落；居住在日德兰半岛（现丹麦南部） 上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠；一个朱特人首 领于 449 年当上了国王； 后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和 威塞克斯建立了王国,统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初；六世纪后半叶, 同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人, 在东盎格利亚、 麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居,同时把他们的族名加诸在英国人够 上；这七个主要王国（肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东英吉利亚、麦西亚和诺森 伯利亚）,合称为七王国；2The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity. 最早的盎格鲁 撒克逊人改信基督教；The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrews Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen 异教的 English to Christianity. In 597 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north. 盎格鲁 撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国；除了康瓦尔、 威尔士、 苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克尔特人仍信奉基督教外,基督教很快就消逝了；公元 597,教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安 德鲁修道院的院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰,其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教；公元579 年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教；在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面,奥古斯丁特殊成功；但是一般人的皈依很大程度上归功于北方修道们的传教活动；3The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.formation of the English nation 早期盎格鲁 撒克逊人为英国做出的奉献；The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页,共 40 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -country into shires which the Normans later called counties, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system庄园制 . Finally, they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen ）to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 盎格鲁 撒克逊人构筑了英国的国家基础；第一, 他们把国家划分为郡,郡法庭和郡法 官、或行政司法长官负责执法；其次,他们设计的窄条三区轮作制延用至 18 世纪；此外,他们仍建立了领地制；最终,他们仍创立了咨议会 了今日尚存的枢密院的前身；IV Viking and Danish invasions 北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵贤人会议 ,向国王供应建议,这就成为1The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 入侵者是挪威人和丹麦人,从 8 世纪末开头, 他们不断突击英格兰的各个地方；9 世纪,特殊是公元 835-878 年间已成为严峻问题；他们甚至占据了约克郡,公元 867 年时的基督教 中心；到 9 世纪中叶,北欧海盗和丹麦人威逼到撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国的安全；2King Alfred 849-899 and his contributions 艾尔弗雷德国王（849-899）和他所做出的奉献Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians. He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy ”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王；他打败了丹麦人, 并于公元 879 年与他们达成了友好协议；协议规定丹麦人掌握英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区）,而他统治其他地区；他仍劝服一 些丹麦首领成为基督教徒；他由于建立了强大舰队,而以“ 英国海军之父 ”闻名于世；他改组了“弗立德 ”（撒克逊军队）,使之更为高效；他将一本拉丁语的书翻译成英语；同时他仍建立了学校,并且阐明白法律制度；全部这一切使他当之无愧于“阿尔弗雷德大王；” 的称号；VThe Norman Conquest 1066 诺曼战胜（公元1066 年）s death.1Reasons for Williams invasion of England after Edward威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的缘由；It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England. 据说,爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉,但是贤人会议选择了哈罗同 第 3 页,共 40 页 德为国王； 公元 1066 年 10 月,在哈斯丁斯邻近的猛烈交锋中,威廉打败了哈罗德军队,细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -时哈罗德也在此战争中战死；在圣诞节加冕,成为英国国王,从今开头了诺曼战胜；2The Norman Conquest and its consequences 诺曼战胜及其产生的影响；The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 1066 年年的诺曼战胜或许是英国历史上的最闻名大事；战胜者威廉几乎没收了全部土 地,将其分发给他的诺曼追随者；他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了脆弱的萨克逊政府；于是,封建制度在英国完全建立；开放了与欧洲大陆的关系,文明和商业得到进展,引进了诺曼 法兰西文化、语言、行为规范和建筑艺术；教会与罗马的联系更为亲密,教会法庭与民事法 庭分别；3The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin. 英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家；很多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人；而仍有一些英国人的是诺曼血统；Chapter 3 第三章The Shaping of the Nation 1066-1381 英国的形成（公元1066-1381）I. Norman Rule 1066-1381 诺曼统治（公元 1066-1381 ）1. William's Rule （1066-1087 ）威廉一世的统治（公元 1066-1087）England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror 在威廉统治下的英国封建制度 Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance, not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king. 在威廉统治下,英国的封建制度得到完全确立； 依据此制度,国王拥有全国全部 土地； 威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族,条件是换取对方服役和物品； 这些地产分散于各处,相距遥远,这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王；族又把土地安排给小贵族、骑士和自由民,同样换取货物和服役； 已成为国王总佃户的贵 处于封建等级最底层的是农奴； 英国封建制独有的特色就是,无论是土地承租人仍是二佃户,都必需要宣誓 效忠于直接地主,而且要效忠于国王；细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 页,共 40 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -II Contents and the significance of the Great Charter 大宪章的内容及意义Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: 1 no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; 2 no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; 3 the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; 4 London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and 5 there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. significance Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. 大宪章是约翰国王 1215 年在封建贵族压力下签定的；大宪章总共 63 条,其中最重要的内容是：1 未经大议会同意,不得征税；2 只有依据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产；3教会应享受其全部权益且有选举自由；（4） 伦敦和其它城镇应保留其贵族的传统权力和特权；5 全国要统一度量衡；尽管人们普遍认为大宪章为英国的自由奠定了基础,但该宪章只是规定国王和贵族之间封建关系和法律关系的声明书,保证了教会的自由,限制了国王权益；在英国封建法律答应的范畴之内；III.The origins of the English Parliament 英国议会的起源大宪章的精神实质就是把国王的权益限制The Great Council is known to be the prototype 原型 of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned （召集）the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice,not to make decisions. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords. 大议会是当今英国议会的原型；1265 年,西门德孟福尔召开大议会,各县有两名骑士,各镇有两名市民参与；大议会进展到后来演化成议会,分为上议院和下议院；其作用是询问而非打算；也没有选举和政党；议会的最重要的部分是上议院；英语国家概况精讲系列（六）IV The Hundred Years' War and its consequences. 百年战争及其结果The Hundred Years War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy of Aquitaine in France, as the French kings grew stronger,they increasingly coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England's desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes. The English's being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while France was hindered so long as a 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 5 页,共 40 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -foreign power occupied so much French territory. 百年战争指 1337 年到 1453 年英法之间一场断断续续的战争,战争的起因既有领土因素 又有经济因素； 领土起因特殊是英国国王占据了法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地,这是战争的根源,随着法国国王势力日增,他们期望占据这片土地；经济缘由就与弗兰德斯城有关；弗兰 德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口商,但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王；其他缘由仍有英国试图阻挡法国对苏格兰人的救济,并且压制不断增强的民族意识；战争的结果：把英国人赶出法国对两个国家都是幸事：如英国人连续留在法国,那么法国人在领土和法财宝上所占的优势必定会阻碍独立的英国的进展；而在英国占据大量法国领土的情形下,国也很难统一；Three stages of the war 战争的三个阶段 In the first two stages, the English won some big victories. But in the third stage, they were driven out of Fance. 战争初期,英国取得辉煌成功；但是最终被逐出法国 The battle of Argencourt 阿壤科之战 It took place in 1415 and the English won a crushing victory. After the victory, the English king Henry was recognized as the French King. 1415 年英国大获全胜,亨利 5 世登上法国王位；Joan of Arc 1412-1431 贞德女士 Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in French history. She led and encourages the French in driving the English out of French in the Hundred Years War. 贞德是法国历史上的女英雄,她领导和激励法国人民将英国军队驱赶境况；Consequences of the war 战争的后果影响 The English lost the war. The expulsion of the English from French is regarded as a blessing for both countries. It helped English national identity as well as French national identity. Two separate nation were born after the war. V. The Black Death 黑死病 The Black Death is the modern name