2022年七年级上英语语法整理.docx

名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Grammar I. 词类 Parts of Speech 词类英语名称意义例词名词Noun n. 表示人或事物的名称pencil, people, fruit, tennis 冠词Article art. 用在名词前帮忙说明名词所a an, the 指的人或事物代词Pronoun pron. 用来代替名词、 形容词或数词we, that, hers, what 形容词Adjective adj. 用以修饰名词, 表示人或事物red, happy, difficult, busy 的特点数词Numeral num. 表示数量或次序six, thirteen, first, twentieth 动词Verb v. 表示动作或状态be am, is, are, have, like, go 副词Adverb adv. 修饰动词、 形容词或其他副词not, too, always, only, here 介词Preposition prep 表示名词、 代词等级和句中其in, on, under, of 他词的关系连词Conjunction conj. 用来连接词与词、 短语与短语and, or, but, because, when 或句与句感叹词Interjection interj. 表示说话时的欢乐、 惊奇等情oh, hello, well, please 感II. 名词 Nouns 名词是指人或事物的名称；1.总的来说,名词分为专出名词和一般名词两类；专出名词是个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称,如： Gina, China ；专出名词是第一个字母要大写；2.名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不行数名词；可数名词有复数形式,如：an 类别 构成方法 例 词 读音apple, two apples, a bag, some bags ；不行数名词一般没有复数形式,如：milk, bread, chicken ；3. 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式；名词的复数形式的部分规章如下：细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页,共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -book books /buks / pet pets /pets/ bag bags /b. z/ 一般情形加-s bed beds /bedz/ 在清辅音后读/s/；在key keys /ki:z/ 以 s, x, ch, sh 加-es 浊 辅 音 和 元 音 后 读boy boys /b.iz/ class classes /kl:siz/, /kl.siz/ /z/；在 /s/,/z/,/./,box boxes /b.ksiz/ , / b :ksiz / / t./ ,/d./等后读 /iz/ 等结尾的词watch watches /w.t.iz/, /w :t.iz/ dish dishes /di.iz/ family families /'f.m .liz/ 以辅音字母加变 y 为 i,strawberry strawberries /'str .:b.riz/ y 结尾的词再加 -es /'str.:beriz/ party parties /'prtiz/ 注：少数名词的复数形式是不规章的,sheep sheep等；如：man men, woman women, child children, 类 别 构成方法 例 词 读音加s Mikes / maiks/ basketballKate s / keits/ model plane单数名词 Alices / '.lisiz/ family 与 名 词 复John s / d .nz /, / d .:nz / phone number 数 词 尾 -syour father:e.rz/ birthday 读音相同Mary s / 'me. riz/, / 'meri/friend 复数 不以 -s 结尾 加s Children s / 't .ildr .nz/ Day 名词 以-s 结尾 加your grandparents / 'r.ndpe .r.nts/ , 读音不变/ ' r.ndper .nts/ room 注：以 -s 结尾的单数名词或人名的全部格的构成是在其后加s,全部格读作 /iz/ ,如： the actresss / '.ktr.siz/, James .eimziz/ ；s /dIII. 冠词 Articles 冠词是置于名词之前,说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词；冠词不能离开名词而单独存在；冠词包括定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词三类；1. 定冠词 the：the 通常有明确的所指,即以说话人已知的人或事物为前提,可与单数可数名词、复数可数名词及不行数名词放在一起使用；例如：The white model plane is hers. Where are the keys. The milk is on the table. 定冠词 the 在辅音前读 /e./,在元音前读 /ei/,特别强调时,都读作 /ei/ 或/ei:/ ；2. 不定冠词 a / an : a /an 有不确定的意义, 即所说的人或事物对听者或读者来说可能是不知道的,其中 an 放在以元音开头的名词前面,如 an apple；不定冠词只能与单数可数名词结合,基本含义有 “ 该类中的一例”“ 只有一个” 、“ 每一个” 等；例如：Do you have volleyball. It s an orange. I take the medicine twice a day. 3. 零冠词：即不使用冠词；一般来说,在复数可数名词、不行数名词或专出名词前不使用冠词；例如：Hamburgers are not healthy. I like ice-cream. My friend is in China. IV. 代词 Pronouns 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页,共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -代词,顾名思义,就是用来代替名词或名词短语的词；1. 人称代词Personal Pronouns 宾格复格数宾格人称单数主格主第一人称I me we us 其次人称you you you you 第三人称he him they they she her 2. 物主代词it it Possessive Pronouns 物主代词是表示全部关系的代词,分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种；形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,置于名词之前做定语； 如：my name, your birthdays, their parents ；名词性物主代词相当于名词,不能用于名词前, 说话时要加重语气；如：Is this his green pen. No, it isn blue pen is his. 类数单数其次人称第三人称复数人 称 别第一人称第一人称其次人称第三人称形 容 词 性my your his her its our your their 物主代词名 词 性 物mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 主代词含义我的你的他的她的我们的你们的他（她,它）它的们的3. 指示代词 Demonstrative Pronouns 表示“ 这个”、“ 那个” 、“ 这些” 、“ 那些” 等表示概念的代词叫指示代词；指示代词 用 法 例 句this these 一般用来指时间或空间上较近的事物 Is this your pencil. These are his brothers. These yellow socks are good. that those 常用来指时间或空间上较远的事物That dictionary is Helens.How much is that white bag. Are those your parents. V. 数词 Numerals 1. 基数词 Cardinal Numbers 基数词表示数目的多少；one 1 eight 8 fifteen 15 twenty- two 21 ninety 90 two 2 nine 9 sixteen 16 thirty 30 one hundred 100 three 3 ten 10 seventeen 17 forty 40 one hundred and one 101 four 4 eleven 11 eighteen 18 fifty 50 two hundred 200 five 5 twelve 12 nineteen 19 sixty 60 six 6 thirteen 13 twenty 20 seventy 70 seven 7 fourteen 14 twenty-one 21 eighty 80 2. 序数词 Ordinal Numbers 序数词表示事物的先后次序,往往与定冠词the 连用； 第 3 页,共 7 页 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -first 1st ninth 9th seventeenth 17th fiftieth 50th second 2nd tenth 10th eighteenth 18th sixtieth 60th third 3rd eleventh 11th nineteenth 19th seventieth 70th fourth 4th twelfth 12th twentieth 20th eightieth 80th fifth 5th thirteenth 13th twenty-first 21st ninetieth 90th sixth 6th fourteenth 14th one hundredth 100th twenty-second 22nd seventh 7th fifteenth 15th thirtieth 30th one hundred and first 101st eighth 8th sixteenth 16th fortieth 40th . 一般现在时（ Present Simple Tense）一般现在时表示现在的状态,如：I m twelve. Where s the schoolbag. I have three ping-pong balls and two ping-pong bats. 表示常常的或习惯情的动作,如：“ Wheres my schoolbag.” Gina always asks. I don t play sports-I only watch them on TV . 表示主语具备的性格和才能等,如：Bill likes beef, but he doesn t like chicken. 谓语动词在一般现在时中的使用情形如下：1. 动词 beVerb to be 连系动词是表示谓语关系的动词,它的后面必需加表语（通常为名词、形容词或介词短语）；在一般现在时中,be 动词有三种形式：am（用在第一人称单数,即 I 后）,is（用在第三人称单数,即 he,she,it 后）,are（用在其次人称 you 以及第一、三人称复数 we,they后）；含有 be 动词的一般现在时的疑问句是将 be 动词提到句首,否定句是在 be 动词后加not,见下表：确定式 否定式I am I am not You are You are not He/She/It is He/She/It is not We/You/They are We/You/They are not 疑问式和简略答语Am I . Are you . Is he she, it . Yes, you are. Yes, I am. Yes, he/she/it is. No, you are not. No, I am not. No, he/she/it is not. Are we . Are you . Are they . Yes, we/you are. Yes, we are. Yes, they are. No, we/you are not. No, we are not. No, they are not. 在口语中常常使用的缩略形式：确定式否定式其他I m = I am aren t = are not that s = that is you re = you are isn t = is not what s = what is hes = he is who s = who is she s = she is who re = who are it s = it is where s = where is we re = we are my name s = my name is they re = they are 2. 实义动词doVerb to do 第 4 页,共 7 页 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -实义动词是表示动作和状态的词；英语动词是词类中最复杂的一种,谓语动词的人称和数必须与主语保持一样；此外,它们仍有时态、语态、语气等变化；在一般现在时中,除第三人称单数外, 谓语动词用原形,主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词要做相应变化；含有实义动词的一般现在时的疑问句、否定句中要借助动词do 或 does；详见下表：I like oranges. 确定式否定式I do not don t like oranges. You like oranges. He/She likes oranges. We/You/They like oranges. You do not don t like oranges. He/She does not doesn t like oranges. We/You/They do not don t like oranges. 疑问式和简略答语Do I like oranges. t. Do you like oranges. Does he/she like oranges. Yes, you do. Yes, I do. Yes, he/she does. No, you do not donNo, I do not don t. No, he/she does not doesn t. Do we like oranges. Do you like oranges. Do they like oranges. Yes, we/you do. Yes, we do. Yes, they do. No, we/you don t. No, we don t. No, they don t. in English of: a photo of my family the name of my dog on: on the table on your head on January fifth on Saturday on TV under: under the desk under your bed with: play with our friends . 句子种类 Sentence Types 种类用途例句My name is Jenny Green. I like him because he always plays games with us. 陈述句用来说明事实或说话人的看法Hamburgers are not healthy. I think history is interesting. Are you Jenny. 疑问句用来提出问题Do you like ice-cream. How much are those yellow socks. When is your mother s birthday. Spell it, please. 祈使句用来表示恳求、 命令、劝说、 建Come and buy your clothes at our great sale. 议等Lets play basketball. Please come next week. Have a good day, Jane. 感叹句用来表达剧烈的感情What a fine day it is. How clean the classroom is. 陈述句分确定结构和否定结构,确定结构的谓语动词不含否定词,否定结构在be 动词、 第 5 页,共 7 页 助动词或情态动词后加not,常用缩略形式；陈述句句末用句号；细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -疑问句包括一般疑问句、特别疑问句、挑选疑问句、附加疑问句等；其中一般疑问句和特别疑问句见下一个条目的说明,其他疑问句在后面的册次将会学到；疑问句末尾用问号；祈使句结构与陈述句一样,但主语常省略, 谓语动词用原形； 祈使句的否定结构用加动词原形形式,句末用句号或感叹号；感叹句句末常用感叹号；陈述句句末加感叹号,朗读时加强语气即可构成感叹句；感叹词 what 和 how 及其所修饰的词放在句首也可构成感叹句；疑问句 Questions 1. 一般疑问句 Yes/No Questions 一般疑问句是在句子中用提问的方式供应一些信息,要求对方用Yes 或 No 回答的疑问句；在答语中通常重复问句里的be 动词、助动词或情态动词,完全否定时口语中通常使用缩略词,如： aren t,doesn t；例句如下：Is this your pencil. Yes, it is./No, it isn t. Do you have a soccer ball. Yes, I do./No, I don t. Do you like bananas. Yes, I do./No, I don t. 当然,一般疑问句的回答有时可以省去 Do you like salad. Yes, I really like it. Yes 或 No,或者补充更多信息,例句：Do you have a tennis ball, Jane. Sorry, I don t. 2. 特别疑问句 Wh-Questions 特别疑问句是以特别疑问词开头的以寻求信息的疑问句；常见的特别疑问词包括：what（什么）,who（谁）, where（在哪里）,when（何时）,why （为什么）,how （如何）等；例句如下：What s your name. My name s Alan. What s your favorite subject. My favorite subject is P.E. Who re they. They re my grandparents. Whos your P.E. teacher. Mr. Hu. Where are my books. They re on the sofa. When is your birthday, Linda. It s on October 2nd. When is Alice s birthday party. I t s on September 5th. When is the class. On Monday and Wednesday. Why do you like P.E. Because it s fun. 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 6 页,共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -How much is this T-shirt. It s seven dollars. How old are you. I m thirteen. 在特别疑问句中, 疑问词与后面的 be 动词或助动词常用缩略形式,如：what s, where s；特别疑问句既可以使用完整答语,其中名词常用代词替代,也可以只回答提问部分,例如：What s your phone number. It s 587-6275. How much are they. Thirty-nine dollars. 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 7 页,共 7 页 - - - - - - - - -