2022年2022年机械制造专业英语课后习题答案 .pdf

1 课That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. 研究位移、时间和力是科学分析法的一个分支，被称作力学，力学由两大部分组成，静力学和动力学。For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing.例如：如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话，会挤出油膜， 引起金属和金属之间的相互接触，轴承将过热而迅速失效。Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为力的三要素。All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of deformation, in order to simplify the analysis.所有的物体既可以是弹性的也可以是塑性的，如果受到力的作用就产生变形。当变形很小的时候它们被假设成刚体，也就是不产生变形。The rigid-body assumption cannot be used in internal stresses and strains due to the applied forces to be analyzed. Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming. 刚体假设不能应用于内应力和内应变的分析，所以在实际力的分析时，要考虑物体的形变。If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, the particle will either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity.如果作用在质点上所有的力是平衡的，质点将会保持静止或做做匀速直线运动。3 课Virtually all machines contain shafts. The most common shape for shafts is circular and the cross section can be either solid or hollow (hollow shafts can result in weight savings).几乎所有的机器都有轴，最常用的外形是圆形的，横截面是空心的或实心的圆形截面（空心轴可以减少重量）。A shaft must have adequate torsional strength to transmit torque and not be overstressed. It must also be torsionally still enough so that one mounted component does not deviate excessively from its original angular position relative to a second component mounted on the same shaft.一个轴必须有足够的扭转强度来传递扭矩而不会破坏，同样也必须有足够的扭转刚度，这样安装轴就不能过度偏离相对于安装在同一轴上第二个零件的原始位置。Shafts are mounted on bearings and transmit power through such devices as gears, pulleys, cams and clutches. These devices introduce forces which attempt to bend the shaft; hence, the shaft must be rigid enough to prevent overloading of the supporting bearings.轴安装在轴承上通过齿轮，滑轮， 凸轮和离合器这些装置传递力。这些装置可以产生使轴弯曲的力，所以轴必修有足够的刚性防止支撑轴承的过载。In addition, the shaft must be able to sustain a combination of bending and torsion and bending.另外，轴必须能承载弯扭组合的载荷，因此，这样就必须考虑弯扭组合的等效载荷。Components such as gears and pulleys are mounted on shafts by means of key. The design of the key and the corresponding keyway in the shaft must be properly evaluated.齿轮和滑轮构件是用键的方式连接在轴上的，键和对应的键槽的设计必须进行估算。Another important aspect of shaft design is the method of directly connecting one shaft to another. This is accomplished by devices such as rigid and flexible couplings.轴设计的另一个重要方面是直接连接两轴，通过刚性和柔性的联轴器装置来实现。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - 6 课The lubrication system provides a constant flow of filtered oil to all moving parts of the engine. The system consists of an oil pan to store the oil, a pump to circulate it, a filter to remove solid abrasive particles, and an oil gauge or light in driver s compartment for checking purposes.润滑系统提供了一个不断过滤油流到发动机的移动部件。该系统包括机油盘存储油，循环的泵，过滤除去固体磨料颗粒，和油表或光在驾驶室检查的目的。The drive line consists of mechanisms and units which transmit torque from the engine to the drive wheels and change torque and rpm in magnitude and direction. 该驱动器产品线包括机制和单位，从发动机扭矩传递到驱动车轮，改变转矩和转速的大小和方向。It has been seen that if the conditions are not very abnormal, sufficient amount of tyre slip taking place under running conditions would release these stresses completely. 人们看到，如果条件不是很正异常时，滑轮胎在采取足够量的运行条件下会发生这些压力完全释放。Much effort is required to crank the engine during starting, since it is necessary to overcome friction in the moving engine components and the resistance offered by the charge being compressed. 发动机曲轴在起动时会需要很大的动力，因为它是要克服在发动机部件在移动时摩擦，和由于被压缩时无偿提供的阻力。The clutch is a friction device used to connect and disconnect a driving force from a driven member. It is used in conjunction with an engine flywheel to provide smooth engagement and disengagement of the engine and manual transmission. 离合器摩擦装置是用于连接和断开与从动件的动力。它是用于发动机飞轮顺利参与和提供发动机和手动变速箱脱离接触结合。The differential is a gear system that transfers power from the drive shaft to the driving axles. It also permits one driving wheel to turn faster than the other to prevent skidding and scuffing of tires on turns. 差动齿轮系统， 是从驱动器传输轴传功率给驱动桥。它也允许一个驱动轮转速比其他以防止轮胎打滑擦伤的轮和来得快。15 课The main components of a lathe are the headstock and tailstock at opposite ends of a bed, and a tool-post between them which holds the cutting tool. 车床的一个主要组成部分是车头和在床对面末的尾架，和在它们之间的刀架The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum distance between centers. Smaller engine lathes with swings usually not over 330 mm(13 inches) also are available in type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench or cabinet. 该车床的大小被指定两个维度。第一个被称为摆动。这是工作的最大直径可旋转车床。第二个层面是大小中心之间的最大距离。Although engine lathe are versatile and useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the workspace, they are not suitable for quantity production. 虽然车床是多功能和有用的，因为改变和设置工具和工件上进行测量所需的时间，他们不合适的大量生产。However, much of the operator s time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. 不过，运营商的大部分时间是消耗在简单，重复的调整和看芯片正在取得进展。Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing. 因此，要减少或消除所需要的劳动技能，转名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - 塔车床，螺丝机量，半自动及自动车床等类型已经高度发达，被广泛用于生产中。20 课Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. 数字控制手段控制的机床和其他制造业通过系统的使用做,书面象征性指示。而於操作机床、NC 技术员写一个程序问题业务指示机工具。Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was develop in the early 1950 with funding provided by the U.S.Air Force. 象许多先进技术，数控出生在马萨诸塞的实验室技术Institude。 数控的概念在早期1950 年被开发了与资助由美国空军提供。This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for N/C that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and open- or closed-loop systems. 这个问题在1959 年导致了发展刀具控制程序自动编制系统中(APT) 语言。这是使用声明相似的N/C 的一种特别编程语言对定义部分几何的英文，描述切割工具配置，并且指定必要的行动。Continuous-path machines are more expensive than point-to-point system and generally require a computer to aid programming when machining complex contours. 连续路径机器都高于点对点系统 ,一般要求计算机援助方案在加工复杂轮廓。N/C increase flexibility. Engineering changes in production parts are less costly and more rapid, since changes with N/C are quickly accomplished by changing a tape rather than building new jigs and fixtures. N/C增加灵活性。工程生产部分变化较少价格昂贵，而且由于N/C 的变化快速通过更改更快磁带而不建立新的夹具和固定装置。21 课Note that this definition contains the words reprogrammable and multifunctional. It is these two characteristics that separate the true industrial robot from the various single-purpose machines used in modern manufacturing firms. Note这个界定的包含单词可编程和多功能。这两个特点是分开的真正从各种单陈建工业机器人在现代制造业企业构成使用的机器。The term “ multifunctional ”means that the robot can, through reprogramming and the use of different end-effectors, perform a number of different manufacturing tasks. 所谓“多功能”的意思，机器人可以通过重新规划和不同的终端效应的使用，执行不同的制造任务。These attachments connected to the end of the robot s arm allow the robot to lift parts, spot-weld, drill, deburr, and do a variety of tasks, depending on what is required of the robot. 这些附件连接到机器人的手臂年底允许电梯部件，现场-焊接钻、去毛刺，和做各种取决于什么是需要的机器人的任务的机器人。Numerical control technology provided a form of machine control ideally suited to robots. It allowed for the control of motion by stored programs. 数控技术提供了机器的控制形式非常适合机器人。它允许通过的议案存储程序的控制。Remote manipulator technology allowed a machine to be more than just another NC machine. It allowed such machines to become robots that can perform a variety of manufacturing tasks in both inaccessible and unsafe environments. 遥控机器人技术使一台机器比只是一个数控机器.它允许这种机器变成机器人，可以执行各种制造业和不安全的环境都无法进入的任务。并且指定必要的行动。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - Robots and robot cells must be carefully designed and configured so that they do not endanger human workers and other machines. Robots work envelopes should be accurately calculated and a danger tone surrounding the envelope clearly marked off. 机器人和机器人单元必须精心设计和配置， 使它们不危及人类的工作人员和其他部件.机器人工作信封应该是准确地计算和围拢信封的危险口气清楚地指示了。22 课There is another advantage to using computers to help with process planning. Because the task involves many interrelated activities, determining the optimum plan requires many iterations. Since computers can readily perform vast numbers of comparisons, many more alternative plans can be explored than would be possible manually. A planner must manage and retrieve a great deal of data and many documents, including established standards, machinability data, machine specifications, tooling inventories, stork availability, and existing process plans. Of course, process plans should not necessarily remain static. As lot sizes change and new technology， equipment, and processes become available, the most effective way to manufacture a particular part also changes, and these changes should be reflected in current process plans released to the shop. A database system is basically a computerized record keeping system. In the other words, it is a system whose overall purpose is to maintain information and to make that information available on demand. Computer-aided process planning produces machine-readable data instead of hand-written plans. Such data can readily be transferred to other system within the CIM hierarchy for use in planning, In manufacturing engineering, CAD/CAM decrease tool design, NC programming, and planning times while speeding the response rate, which will eventually permit in-house staff to perform work that is currently being contracted out. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - 1 课the fundamental concepts 基本概念cross section 横截面the internal stresses produced in the bar 作用在棒上的内应力continuous distribution of hydrostatic pressure 连续分布的液体静压力the tensile load 拉伸载荷a uniform distribution over the cross section 均匀分布在横截面上arbitrary cross-section shape 任意的横截面形状tensile stresses 拉应力compressive stresses 压应力a normal stress 正应力through the centroid of the cross sectional area 通过横截面形心the uniform stress condition 统一的应力条件the stress distribution at the ends of the bar 应力分布在棒的一端high localized stresses 高局部应力an axially loaded bar 一个轴向载荷的杆a tensile strain 拉应变an elongation or stretching of the material 一个伸长或拉伸的材料a compressive strain 压应变the ratio of two lengths 两个长度的比值purely statical and geometrical considerations 纯粹的静态和几何因素3 课circular cross section 圆形截面the position of mountings 安装位置nominal size 比例尺寸length of shaft subjected to twist 受到轴向扭转to minimize stress concentrations 减少应力集中from the standpoint of stress 从应力的角度讲equations for a shaft in pure torsion 纯扭转轴的公式diameter of solid shaft 实心轴半径outside diameter of hollow shaft 实心轴外径the amount of twist in a shaft 轴的扭转量torsional deflection 扭转变形shear modulus of elasticity 剪切弹性模量be closer to the vertical load 接近垂直的载荷the endurance limit 疲劳极限the allowable shearing stress 许用剪应力equations for equivalent moments 当量等式the design stress values for flexure 为弯曲设计的压力值the angle of twist 扭转角antifriction bearings 滚动轴承the amount of twist in a shaft 轴上的扭矩名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - 6 课a developing and demanding industry 工业的发展与要求propeller shaft 传动轴suspension components 悬挂部件a sliding splined type of joint 一个滑动花键类型的接头two rear axle shafts 两个后桥轴to mesh with a larger bevel gear 与一个更大的锥齿轮啮合to steering wheel 方向盘unevenness of road surfaces 凹凸不平的路面the transverse line of the axle shafts 横向驱动轴to cause excessive type wear 造成轮胎过度磨损the exactly similar diameter 相同的直径quarter-elliptic leaf springs 四分之一椭圆形钢板弹簧the transmission of shock 震动的传输road surface variation 路面的变化the final-drive gears 最终传动齿轮the precise alignment of shaft 精确定位轴a rotating drum 一个旋转的滚筒a hand lever 一个手柄be locked in the one position 被锁定在一个位置上名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - 15 课turning, facing and boring 车，削，镗split nut 拼合螺母a single setup of the workplace 一个独立的工作场所headstock assembly 主轴箱组件tailstock assembly 尾座组件carriage assembly 溜板组件lead screw and feed rod 丝杠和光杠two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways 两组纵向平行的方式to assure accuracy of alignment 保证精确的装配a set of transmission gears 一组传动齿轮the maximum size of bar stock 棒料的最大尺寸gear box 齿轮箱a V-belt or silent-chain drive 三角带或链传动carbide and ceramic tools 硬质合金和陶瓷刀具the inner ways of the bed 床身的内部构造tailstock quill 尾座顶心套筒a graduated scale 刻度尺in the direction normal to the axis of rotation of the work 转动轴在正常的方向工作manual movement of the carriage 手动运动的托板per revolution of the spindle 主轴每次旋转20 课low- and medium-volume production 中小量生产point-to-point and continuous-path machines 点位控制和连续轨迹控制机床unsynchronized motors 异步电机data input 数据输入the closed-loop system 闭环系统the tape reader with the control unit 带有控制单元的纸带控制机feedback devices 反馈控制thumbwheel selectors 拨轮开关eight-channel-punched paper tape 8 信道穿孔纸带motion-picture film 电胶片the actual programming steps 实际编程步骤zero reference point 0 参考点program manuscript 程序清单coded numerical instructions 被编码的数控指令silicon photo diodes 硅光二极管photoelectric devices 广电装置open-loop system 开环系统to rectify discrepancy 纠正系统self-correcting action 自纠正能力high-torque stepping motors 高扭矩步进电机21 课名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - routine and tedious assembly line jobs 日常繁杂的装配线工作in nuclear power plants 核电站a printed circuit board 印刷电路板magnetic type 磁带a preprogrammable manipulator 一个能与编程的机械手in the robot s memory 在机器人的存储器里with regard to this programming feature 针对这些可编程的特性the degree of freedom of the robot 机器人的自由度the tooling and grippers 刀具和卡爪floppy disks 软盘the work cell of the robot 机器人的工作单元a straight, movable arm 直动式手臂臂a jointed arm 轴节型手臂some type of memory storage 一些类型的存储器the mechanical section and the attached appendage 机构和附件peripheral equipment within the work cell 工作单元区内的外部设备to control peripheral devices 控制外部的设备a simple robotic system 一个简单的机器人系统placed on the end of the robot s wrist 安装在机器人手腕的末端hydraulic or pneumatic drivers 液压式或气压式驱动装置22 课computer aided manufacturing 计算机辅助制造group technology 成组技术manufacturing database 数据库computer aided process monitoring 计算机辅助过程监控computer aided fixturing design 计算机辅助夹具设计comp