2022年名词性从句讲义及练习.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名词性从句讲义名词性从句相当于名词,可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语；因此,名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句；（一）引导名词性从句的连接词1、连接代词： who, whose, whom, what, which ；有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等；2、连接副词： when, where, why, how ；有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语；3、连接词：that, whether, if, as if ；that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分, 有时可省略； if whether, as if 虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分；留意 ：1、连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句,因而从句中谓语不用疑问式；连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分,连接词whether 和 if（是否）,as if（好象）在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用；依据句义,假如连接代词与连接副词,whether、if 和 as if 都用不上时,才用 that 作连接词（ that 本身无任何含义） ；2、不行省略的连词：（1）介词后的连词（2）引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不行省略；That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. （二）主语从句1、主语从句在复合句作主语；e.g. Who will go is not important. 2、用 it 作形式主语,主语从句放在句末；e.g. It doesnt matter so much whether you will come or not.主要句型有：（1）It+be+ 形容词 +that 从句；形容词有 obvious , strange , natural 等 It is probable that he told her everything. : necessary, likely, right, important, certain, clear, 很可能他把一切都告知她了；（2）It+be+ 名词词组 no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.+that 从句；Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场竞赛真意外；（3）It+be+ 过去分词 +that 从句；有： known,exoected, believed, thought, hoped, said, reported, proved 等It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京；（4）It+seem, happen 等不及物动词及短语 +that 从句；It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice好像不来参与晚会；（5）It+doesn t matter makes no difference, etc.+ 连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句；It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要；It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区分；为了防止句子头重脚轻,通常把形式主语it 放在主语位置,真正主语搁置于句末（1）It is certain that he will win the match. （2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry. （3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting. （4） It is strange that he should do that. （5） It is important that we all should attend the meeting. （6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 18 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - （7）It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation. （8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident. （9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.=He is said to have gone to shanghai （10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. （11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care. （12）It seems that he has seen the film.=He seems to have seen the film （13）It happened that the two cheats were there. =The two cheats happened to be there 小结 :（1以 that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it 引导 . It is + 形容词 /名词 /某些动词 ed + that 从句 .（2 另留意在主语从句中用来表示诧异、不信任、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动 词要用虚拟语气“ should +do ”,常用的句型有： It is necessary important, natural, strange, etc. that It is suggested requested, proposed, desired, etc. that 例句 4,5,6,11.3、that 引导主语从句时,不能 省略；但有形式主语 it ,真正的主语放后面时 that 可以省略 e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised. 4、当主语从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用第三人称单数；但what 引导主语从句时,主句谓语动词的单复数依据从句表达的意义而定,如下面这个句型；What we need is more time and money. What we need are many more books. 5、if 不能用在主语从句中,而是用whether；但有形式主语it,真正的主语放后面时可用if Whether he left or not is unknown. It is known if he left 6、引导主语从句的关联词有三类：1从属连词 that；That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相像；2从属连词 whether；如：Whether hell come here isn t clear. 他是否会来这里仍不清晰；3连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why ；如：What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清晰；How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的,谁也不清晰；Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎；你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯独的Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 家；留意 ：连接代词 whoever, whatever, whichever 等引导主语从句的含义Whoever comes will be welcome. whoever=the person who 来的人将受到欢迎；Whatever he did was right. whatever=the thing that 他所做的事情是正确的；Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. whichever=anyone of you who 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到嘉奖；主语从句不行位于句首的五种情形1 if 引导的主语从句不行居于复合句句首；2 It is said , reported 结构中的主语从句不行提前；例如：It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. 3 It happens , It occurs 结构中的主语从句不行提前；例如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 名师归纳总结 4 It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不行提前；例如：第 2 页,共 18 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. 5 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不行提前；例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening. （三）表语从句 1、表语从句在复合句中作表语,位于系动词之后；e.g. The question was who could go there. 留意： 连系动词“appear, look, seem” 的两个常用句型 . It seems/appears that It looks/seems as if/as though 与事实相符用陈述语气,与事实相反用虚拟语气 2、引导表语从句的连接词 that 有时可省去；e.g. My idea is that we can get more comrades to help in the work. 3、引导表语从句的关联词的种类：1从属连词 that；如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. 2从属连词 whether, as, as if；如：麻烦是我把他的地址丢了；He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来仍与十年前一样；The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们；留意 ：从属连词if 一般不用来引导表语从句,但as if 却可引导表语从句,如：All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday. 这都是 20 多年前的事了,但犹如昨天一样；能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look 等；如：It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了；3连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 4 连接副词 where, when, how, why ；如： The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢；The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的；That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 留意 ：连词 because可引导表语从句；那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的；because 与 why 在引导表语从句的区分：“That is because. 与“That is why. 之间的不同在于“ That is because. 指缘由或理由,“ That is why. 就指由于各种缘由所造成的后果,The reason whyis that 如： The reason why he is often late is that he has the bad habit of getting late in the morning. 如： He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework. 昨天晚上他没有去看电影,那是由于他得帮忙他的妹妹做作业；第一句话说明结果,其次句话说明缘由 He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. 他以前曾看过那部电影,因此他昨天晚上没有去看；第一句话说明缘由,其次句话说明结果 I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是由于你做得太多；（because后面加缘由 ）I think it is the reason why he was so angry. （why 后面加结果 ）我想这就是他如此愤怒的缘由；（四）宾语从句1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语；宾语从句通常放在及物动词,引导宾语从句的连词 that 一般可省略；e.g. I hope that everything is all right. 介词 , 形容词后面；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 18 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2、介词宾语从句： 介词之后的宾语从句, 不行用 which 或 if 连接,要分别用 what 或 whether；e.g. II m interested in whether youve finished the work.m interested in what youve said.Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否胜利将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做；3、whether 与 if 都可以引导宾语从句,常可互换；但下面情形不能互换；宾语从句是否定句时,只用 if,不用 whether；e.g. I wonder if it doesnt rain.用 if 会引起误会,就要用 whether；e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句假如把 懂得）whether 改成 if ,简单当成条件句宾语从句中的 whether 与 or not 直接连用,就不能换成 if ；不直接连用,可换；e.g. I dont know whether or not the report is true.I don t know whether/ if the report is true or not.介词后的宾语从句要用 whether 引导； whether 可与不定式连用； whether 也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,仍可引导让步状语从句,以上均不能换成 if ；但引导条件从句时,只能用 if ,而不能用 whether；e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time. They don t know whether to go there.Please come to see me if you have time. 留意 ：区分 if 引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句I don t know if he will come.If he comes, I ll let you know. 4、宾语从句的时态变化规律：宾语从句时态与主句相呼应,但宾语从句表示的是客观真理或普遍现象除外1当主句是一般现在时态时,从句可依据需要用任何时态；2当主句是一般过去时态时,从句只能使用过去范畴内的任何时态；但客观真理除外； 如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老师说地球围着太阳运行；3当宾语从句的引导词是 who,which,what,when,where,how,why 等表疑问时 ,不能按正常语序支配 , 常常将这类引导词置于句首Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year. 你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜爱的歌手 . 5、当主语是 I, we ,主句用 think ,believe ,imagine ,suppose ,consider ,expect ,fancy ,guess 等动词时,用否定转移 . 是 hope 时不能转移；I think he will win the game. （否定句） I don t think he will win the game. 对应的反义疑问句：I don t think he will win the game, will he.6、引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：1从属连词 that；He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒适在以下情形下,that 不能省留意 ：that 在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情形下都可以省略；略；and 或 but 连接两个或多个宾语从句时,可以省略第一个连词 后面的 that 不能省略；that,放在 and 或者 but 的Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 18 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道 Tom 特别可怕；that 引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that 不能省略；I know nothing about him except that he is from the south 对他我一无所知,只知道他是南方人；. that 从句位于句首时,that 不行省略；That he ever said such a thing I simply don t believe. 我简直不信任他曾说过这样的话；主句谓语动词与that 从句之间有插入语,that 不行省略；We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. 鉴于他的特别情形,我们打算应允他一段试用期；当宾语从句后带宾补时,要用“ 主语+谓语 +it + 宾补 +that-clause, that 不行省略I think it certain that she will do well in her exam. 小结：哪些宾语从句不行以省略引导词 that 1.当 that 作 learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时 ; 2.当宾语从句较长时 ; 3.当主语状语置于主句尾 ,宾语从句之前时 ; 4.当主语谓语动词 包括非谓语动词 与宾语从句之间有插入语时 ; 5.当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时 ,此时第一个 that 可以省略 ,其次个 that 不行以省略 ; 6.当宾语从句中的主语是 this,that 或 this,that 做主语的定语时 ; 7.当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时 ;当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时 ; 8.当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时 ; 9.当宾语从句有 it 做其先行词时 ; 10.在直接引语中 ,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时 . 2从属连词 if/whether ；I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会胜利；I dont know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮忙我；3连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why ；Who or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道；I wonder what he s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事；Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告知你我为什么要你来；You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事；7, 在 demand、order 、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command,recommend 等表示要求、命令、建议、打算等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用 如：“ （should） + 动词原形 ” ；I insist that she should do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作；The commander ordered that troops should set off at once. 司令员命令部队立刻动身；8,动词 find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候 ,就需要用 it 做形式宾 语而将 that 宾语从句后置 . 名师归纳总结 I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的. 第 5 页,共 18 页I feel it a pity that I havenn to the get-together.我没去聚会 ,感觉特别遗憾 . I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯. - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - We all find it important that we should make a quick decision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事立刻做出打算很重要 . 有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加 it 这类动词主要有 :hate, take , owe, have, see to. I hate it when they with their mouths full of food. 我厌恶他们满嘴食物时说话 . He will have it that our plan is really practical. 他会认为我们的方案的确可行 . We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的 . When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral. 开启示动机时 , 肯定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置 . 如宾语从句是 wh-类,就不行用 it 代替We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不行信的 . We discovered what we had learned to be valuable. 我们发觉我们所学到的东西都是有用的 . 9.介词的宾语从句用 wh-类的介词宾语从句We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在争论是否让同学加入我们的俱乐部 . The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space. 这本新书是关于神州6 号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的. 用 that,if 引导的介词宾语从句有时候 except,but,besides三个介词后可见到 that 引导的宾语从句I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班 ,其他一无所知 . 9.形容词后的的宾语从句表示心理状态的形容词：sure glad certain pleased surprised happy assume 在句中作表语时后面可跟宾语从句No one can be sure what man will look like in a million years . （五）同位语从句1、同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语,一般位于该名词 （如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise,thought, question, reply, report, remark 等）之后,说明该名词的详细内容；e.g. I have no idea when he will be back. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. 2、that 引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区分：在同位语从句中：that 不行以省略,不作成分;定语从句的关系代词that 在定语从句作成分,作宾语时可以省略We are interested in the news that some foreigners would visit our school. We are interested in the news that he told us. 3、when, where 引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区分：在定语从句中,when, where 前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词；而在同位语从句中无此对 应关系They have no idea at all where he has gone.同位语从句 Go and get your coat. It s in the place where you left it. 定语从句 4、引导同位语从句的关联词有三类：（1）关联词多用从属连词 that；Where did you get the idea that I could not come. 你在哪儿听说我不能来？名师归纳总结 （2）同位语从句有时由从属连词whether 引导；第 6 页,共 18 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - I have no idea whether hell come or not. 我不知道他是否来；留意： There is no doubt that he will come. There is doubt whether he will come. There is no possibility that .（3）连接代词who, which, what 和连接副词where, when, why, how 亦可引导同位语从句；The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该干这项工作,这个问题需要考虑；We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们仍没有打算；It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题；名词性从句重点与难点一、 that 从句作主语和宾语时,常用 it 作形式主语,将从句放在句末e.g. It doesnt matter so much whether you will come or not.She has seen to it that all the children are well taken care of. 二、 that 引导名词性从句的省略情形 1、that 引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时,不能省略；e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised. 2、that 引导宾语从句时一般可省略,但在以下几种情形中不能省略；1）当 that 从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入词语或者从句主语之间有插入语时不能省略；2）当 that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时不能省略；3）当 that 作介词宾语时不能省略；e.g. He judged that, because he was a child, he did not understand wine 1 Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do. 三、名词性从句中的语序 名词性从句中一律使用陈序语气；e.g. He asked how much I paid for the violin. 四、名词性从句中的时态呼应 在名词性从句中,谓语动词的时态要与主句谓语动词的时态相一样；e.g. As soon as he comes back, I ll tell him when you will come and see him. He kept looking at her, wondering whether he had seen her somewhere. Can you make sure where Alice has put the gold ring. 五、名词性从句中虚拟语气的使用情形1、在表示“ 命令、建议、坚持、要求” 的名词性从句中,要用“should 可以省略；e.g. I made a suggestion that he should go there at once. I suggested that he should go there at once. The suggestion was that he should go there at once. should+动词原形” 形式,2、wish 引导的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气,分与现在、过去、将来相反三种情形；e.g. I wish I were ten years younger. I wish you had posted the letter yesterday. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 18 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - I wish I would try again.